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torted tribute of the heart, to that great people, who knew so well how to honor distinguished Worth, and consecrate the memory of distinguished Wisdom and distinguished Virtue.

A MEMOIR,

&c. &c.

THE world has lost another benefactor.-The FOUNDER of Phrenology, that science teeming with the amelioration of society and the happiness of the species, was soon followed by his equally illustrious coadjutor.-Gall is no more-Spurzheim is no more. They are both beyond the influence of their presumptuous, arrogant, envious, shallow, malignant adversaries -and may peaceably take their places in the temple of Fame, among the Bacons, the Harveys, the Newtons, and the Lockes; and the noblest inmates of the fane will not disdain to see them grace even loftier pedestals than their own.

At the close of our last session we were extolling the magnanimity of our celebrated friend, in disregarding the quiet of home and the discomforts and sufferings of an Atlantic voyage, to visit, in the autumn of his days, a land of strangers, in the simple hope of being serviceable to mankind, by planting his science in another hemisphere. We anticipated the welcome those strangers would give him-we anticipated the

vigor with which his science would flourish in that new and healthy soil-we were proud to believe that, under his own skilful and fostering hand, it would overspread that mighty continent—and above all, we strenuously hoped, that the disappointments and vexations he had too often and too bitterly experienced in Europe, would be expunged from his recollection in America; and that the triumph of his doctrines, the increased splendor of his reputation, and the idolatry of his new friends (for the friendship with which Spurzheim was ever regarded was almost idolatry) would encompass him with a halo of happiness beyond any he could look for at this side of the Atlantic.-But we did not anticipate-we did not expect, that, at the opening of this session-so.soon-so suddenly-we should have to lament that his active usefulness had ceased-his enlightened labors ended. Yet we have still wherewithal to console us. It is true, his lamp of life is extinguished; but he has not left the world in darkness; he has lighted up a flame in every civilized region of the earth. Philosopher after PhilosopherPhrenologist after Phrenologist may die-but Phrenology can never perish—IT IS EVERLASTING, LIKE THE OTHER TRUTHS OF GOD.

John Gaspar Spurzheim was born on the 31st of December, 1776, at Longuich, near Treves, on the Moselle, about sixty or seventy English miles from its confluence with the Rhine, atCobl entz. It is stated, in recent public journals, that his father was a farmer, and educated him for the clerical profession. He ac

quired the first rudiments of Greek and Latin in his native village; to which, he added Hebrew at the university of Treves, where he matriculated in 1791, in his fifteenth year, and where he also entered upon the study of Divinity and Philosophy, of both of which, in his riper years, he was a consummate master. In 1792, the republican armies of France overran the south of Germany, and seized upon Treves. Spurzheim retired to Vienna, where he was received into the family of Count Splangen, who entrusted to him the education of his sons.

Gall, at that time, was settled as a physician in Vienna, and had in his charge many of the hospitals, and other public institutions requiring medical superintendence. His house was open to every one who wished for information in his newly discovered science. In 1796, he delivered his first private course; but it does not appear that Spurzheim attended his lectures until 1800; and even, at this time, they continued to be private. He then spoke of the brain as the general organ of the mind-of the necessity of considering the brain as divided into different special organs-and of the possibility of determining those organs by the development of individual parts of the brain, exhibited in the external configuration of the head. He admitted organs of different specific memories, and of several feelings, particularly language, constructiveness, color,

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* See Spurzheim's notes to Chenevix's pamphlet on Phrenology.

tune, locality, form, number, and individuality; and these he chiefly dwelt on as organs of memory, and did not advert with much attention to the other powers and propensities inherent in them, although the second in the list (and I have named them in the order in which they were discovered) obviously consisted more of an intellectual impulse than a memory.

Such was the Physiological state of the science when Spurzheim became a convert to its doctrines, in his twenty-third year. Its condition, with respect to anatomy, was equally imperfect. Gall was sensible that physiognomical means alone, were not sufficient to discover the physiology of the brain; and that anatomy was a necessary coadjutor. He was confirmed in this conviction, by observing a poor woman affected with hydrocephalus, who, though reduced to great weakness, continued to possess an active and intelligent mind. After her death, four pounds of water were found in her head; the brain was much distended, but not destroyed or dissolved; he therefore concluded, that the structure of this organ must be very different from what it was commonly supposed to be.

As Gall's time was greatly occupied by his professional duties, he employed a student to dissect for him. Mr. Niclas' investigations were, however, conducted according to the old school, and with mere mechanical views; but, from the moment Spurzheim became the associate of Gall, which was in 1804, the anatomy of the brain assumed a new character. He specially un

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