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1. 13. Compare the characters of Dr. Cantwell and Maw-worm in Cibber's play of The Hypocrite, as altered by Bickerstaffe.

1. 33. A circular space in Hyde Park, near the east end of the Serpentine. Certain traces of the Ring, formed in the reign of Charles I, and long celebrated, may be recognised by the large trees somewhat circularly arranged in the centre of the Park.' (Murray's London.)

P. 85, l. 15. By 'nodding-places' are meant, passages where some error or inconsistency has crept into the text, through weariness or oversight on the part of the author. Horace, in his Art of Poetry, wrote:—

"Indignor, quandoque bonus dormitat Homerus ;'

and Pope, in his Essay on Criticism, has:

Those oft are stratagems which errors seem,

Nor is it Homer nods, but we that dream.'

P. 86, 1. 7. Galen was a famous Greek medical writer and physician, who flourished in the second century after Christ.

P. 89, 1. 1. Lucius Annæus Seneca, the tutor and educator of Nero, and at last the victim to the cruelty and cupidity of his pupil, was the author of various celebrated treatises on moral and philosophical subjects.

Epictetus was a philosopher of the Stoic school, who flourished towards the close of the first century. His philosophy is made known to us by the Dissertations of Arrian, by an Enchiridion or Manual, and by a great number of sentences preserved in the writings of the Emperor Aurelius, Gellius, and others.

P. 89, 1. 36. Addison, quoting probably from memory, does not give the lines quite exactly. They are in Waller's poem On the Earl of Roscommon's translation of Horace de Arte Poetica,' and stand thus :

P. 90, l. 3.

P. 92, 1. 38.

Poets lose half the praise they should have got,

Could it be known what they discreetly blot.'

i.e. expurgated.

'Quæ genus' and 'As in præsenti' are the opening words of two sections of Lilly's Latin Grammar, which, in Addison's time, was used in all English grammar-schools.

P. 93, 1. 16.

For an account of these signatory letters see Introd. ad. fin. P. 94, 1. 24. Dr. William Alabaster, a native of Suffolk, educated at Cambridge, and afterwards incorporated at Oxford, accompanied the ill-fated Essex on his expedition to Cadiz in 1597. He was famous for his profound acquaintance with 'what is termed cabalistic learning, which consists in the combination of particular words, letters, and numbers, by which it is pretended you can see clearly into the sense of Scripture.' (New General Biogr. Dict., ed. by Hugh Rose.)

P. 95, 1. 22. He means the general body of the wits' of that age, whom Hobbes' philosophy had disposed to free-thinking, and contact with French and Italian court-manners to licentiousness. The gayer portion of them became dramatists (Congreve, Farquhar, Wycherley, &c.), and too often 'propagated vice'; while those of graver temper (Toland, Tindal, Chubb,

Bolingbroke, &c.) distinguished themselves, under the general name of Deists, by attacks on Christianity.

P. 96, 1. 19. See note to page 54. A long and interesting note on this matter is in Mr. Wills' Sir Roger de Coverley. It seems that the Pope's procession was an annual affair got up by the city of London on the 17th of November, the anniversary of Queen Elizabeth's accession. It had been discontinued in 1683, but was revived five years later on the acquittal of the seven bishops.

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1. 26. The Royal Society, incorporated with a view to the promotion of physical science in 1662, arose out of some scientific meetings held at Oxford in the rooms of Dr. Wilkins, then President of Wadham College.' (Arnold's Manual of English Literature, p. 258.)

1. 32. Addison borrowed this simile from Swift, who, at the beginning of his Tale of a Tub, explains the strange title at length; his work was thrown out to the wits as sailors throw a tub to a whale, to divert them from their threatened onslaught on the crazy old ship of the state.

P. 98, 1. 5. Some difficulty had arisen in adjusting the terms of peace, to overcome which Lord Bolingbroke himself, about the time that this was written, visited Paris.

1. 14. Richard Baxter, a Presbyterian divine and very voluminous writer, one of the ejected ministers in 1662, died in 1691.

1. 28. This Stamp Act is not mentioned in the ordinary histories of the time. Stamp Duties were first imposed in Holland, in 1624. Swift, in a letter to Mrs. Dingley, dated August 7, 1712, wrote: 'Now every single half-sheet pays a halfpenny to the Queen; the Observator is fallen; the Medleys are jumbled together with the Flying Post; the Examiner is deadly sick; the Spectator keeps up, and doubles its price.'

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P. 103, 1. 10. Nahum Tate, versifier of the Psalms, to whom Pope awarded the relative praise, when speaking of some obscure poetasters, that nine such poets made a Tate,' was at this time poet-laureate, having succeeded Shadwell in 1692.

P. 106, 1. 21. The reference is to the preceding paper, No. 541, written by John Hughes.

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P. 107, 1. 14. Herodotus (i. 84) relates, that a son of Croesus, who had been dumb from his birth, being with his father after the taking of Sardis by the Persians, and seeing a soldier raise his sword to kill him, cried out, Man, do not kill Croesus!' It is added that this dumb son for the rest of his life spoke as well as other people.

P. 108, 1. 3. The Mall is the name which has been given since the time of Charles II to the roadways, planted with trees, that border the north side of St. James' Park.

1. 19. The Englishman is mentioned by Dr. Drake as one of the periodical publications written about this time by Steele and Addison. It was, in point of fact, a continuation of the Guardian, substituted for it by Steele, in order that he might discuss politics with greater freedom.

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1. 20. The Examiner was a paper conducted by Swift in the interest of the Tory ministry'; it commenced to appear in November, 1711.

1. 28. Addison's memory here played him false; the words of Horace are "sic impar sibi.'

P. 109, 1. 32. This was written about six weeks before the death of Queen Anne, at a time when the critical state of her health, the ambiguous conduct of the ministry, and the malcontent temper of the House of Commons, were filling the minds of all friends of the Hanoverian succession with gloomy apprehensions. Swift, writing to Lord Peterborough in the previous month (letter quoted in Lord Mahon's History of England), said,—' I never led a life so thoroughly uneasy as I do at present. Our situation is so bad that our enemies could not, without abundance of invention and ability, have placed us so ill if we had left it entirely to their management..

The Queen is pretty well at present; but the least disorder she has puts us in alarm, and when it is over we act as if she were immortal.'

III.

POLITICAL PAPERS.

P. 112, 1. 21. The Act of Uniformity (1662) re-established the Church of England; that of Toleration (1689) gave liberty of worship to the Dis

senters.

1. 22. The Act of Settlement (1701), passed after the death of the Duke of Gloucester, the last surviving child of the Princess Anne, settled the crown on the Princess Sophia, grand-daughter of James I, and the issue of her body, being Protestants.

P. 113, 1. 31. See the Introductory Remarks to this section, page 111. 1. 35. The Rehearsal was a celebrated comedy written by the Duke of Buckingham, aided by Sprat and Samuel Butler, the author of Hudibras, in the reign of Charles II. In the last act, Bayes, by whom Dryden is meant, brings on the stage the sun, moon, and planets, executing the old dance called the Hay, so as to eclipse themselves alternately both to one another and to the spectators.

P. 114, 1. 10. Hom. Od. x. 19.

1. 12. Exchequer tallies.

P. 115, 1. 15. By the great Mogul' is meant the Emperor of Hindostan, whose capital was at Delhi. The reigning Mogul at the time when Addison wrote was Bahadur Shah, eldest son of the great Aurung-Zebe.

P. 116, 1. 7. In a work by Lucian, called Bíav ПIpâois (the 'Sale of Lives'), we have the following dialogue :—

'Buyer. First, noble sir, what country do you come from?

Diogenes. From all countries.

Buyer. What do you mean?

Diogenes. You see in me a citizen of the world.'

So Diogenes Laertius, in his chapter on Diogenes the Cynic, tells us, that the philosopher, when asked what countryman he was, replied, A Cosmopolite' (κοσμοπολίτης).

P. 118, 1. 6. The statues of the English kings were from the first the ornament of the Royal Exchange. A spectator of the Fire of London, in 1666, wrote: As London was the glory of England, so was the Royal Exchange one of the greatest glories and ornaments of London.

There were the statues of the kings and queens of England set up, as in the most conspicuous and honourable place, as well receiving lustre from the place where they stood, as giving lustre to it.' In the Great Fire, the Royal Exchange, statues and all, became a prey to the flames. Another spectator describes how the fire, descending the stairs, compassed the walks, giving forth flaming vollies, and filling the court with sheets of fire; by and by the kings fell all down upon their faces, and the greatest part of the building after them.' (See Brayley's London and Middlesex.) The Exchange was speedily rebuilt, and the statues reappeared, almost in their old places. Above the entablature in the inner court were twenty-four niches, nineteen of which are occupied by statues of the English sovereigns, from Edward I down to George III, Edward II, Richard II, Henry IV, and Richard III being excluded.' (Lewis' Topogr. Dict. of England, 1831.) But now, alas! the English kings look down no longer from their pedestals; Sir William Tite dethroned them, when he rebuilt the Royal Exchange in 1844.

1. 23. Acted' is used in the sense of actuated.' This use of the verb 'to act' appears to have become antiquated about this time; no later instance than one from the works of South is given in Latham's Dictionary.

P. 119, 1. 31. Polyb. Historiarum, lib. vi. Cicero, De Republica.

P. 120, 1. 17. C. Suetonius Tranquillus, a contemporary of Trajan, wrote the lives of the twelve Cæsars,' that is, of the first twelve of the Roman emperors, including Julius Cæsar.

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P. 121, 1. 29. Compare with the passage in the text the noble words of Milton in his Areopagitica: Behold now this vast city, a city of refuge, the mansion-house of liberty, encompassed and surrounded with His protection; the shop of war hath not there more anvils and hammers working to fashion out the plates and instruments of armed justice in defence of beleaguered truth, than there be pens and heads there, sitting by their studious lamps, musing, searching, revolving new notions and ideas, wherewith to present, as with their homage and their fealty, the approaching reformation; others as fast reading, trying all things, assenting to the force of reason and convincement.'

P. 122, 1. 8. When Addison wrote, the Morea belonged to the Republic of Venice, and the condition of that part of Greece was better than his

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words imply. Mr. Finlay, in his 'Greece under Foreign Domination,' says: The young Greeks of the Morea, who grew to manhood under the protection of the Republic, were neither so ignorant, so servile, nor so timid as their fathers who had lived under the Turkish yoke.' But, in 1714, Turkey declared war against Venice, and easily re-conquered the Morea.

IV.

RELIGION, MORALS, SUPERSTITION.

P. 123, 1. 16. Childermas Day, or the feast of the Holy Innocents, falls on the 28th of December. For a child to begin anything on the day on which so many children were slaughtered, seems to have been thought unlucky. Sailors, for a similar reason, dislike going to sea on a Friday. But how could giving way to this superstition be said to involve 'losing a day in every week?'

P. 124, l. 17. In the battle of Almanza, fought on the 24th of April, 1707, the English, Dutch, and Portuguese, commanded by Lord Galway and the Marquis Das Minas, were signally defeated by the French and Spaniards, led by Marshal Berwick. This battle ruined the cause of the Austrian pretender to the crown of Spain, and established Philip V on the throne.

P. 127, 1. 26. We should say 'on plate;' but all the old editions seem to be agreed in reading 'in.'

P. 128, 1. 2. Galoon is a kind of narrow shoe-ribbon, or lace, from the French galon.

P. 131, 1. 2. The passage is in the Phado. 'I reckon,' says Socrates, 'that no one who heard me now, not even if he were one of my old enemies, the comic poets, could accuse me of idle talking about matters in which I have no concern.' (Prof. Jowett's Translation.)

1. 8. The Clouds.

1. 29. Pasquino was the name of a witty Roman tailor who lived some time in the 16th century. His humorous or satirical sallies were called 'Pasquinate,' which thus became a general name for any witty lampoon. Near his house stood a mutilated ancient statue, not far from the Piazza Navona; the practice grew up of attaching anonymous lampoons to this statue by night; and, in memory of the tailor, the statue itself came to be called Pasquino. (Penny Cyclopædia.)

1. 34. The father of Sixtus V was a gardener, and one of his aunts was a laundress; but this sister, Donna Camilla, does not seem ever to have been engaged in that humble occupation, having been early married to a Calabrian farmer, after whose death she came and kept house for her brother, first when he was Cardinal, and afterwards while he was Pope.

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