vigour than 'fire and faggot' were employed on the other side in the reign of Mary. See Hallam's Const. Hist. vol. i.

1. 30. The father of Alexander the Great. Demosthenes, in his great oration for the Crown, frequently alludes to the disastrous effects which the corruption of Æschines and other Athenians by Macedonian gold had had upon the interests of the city.

Xanthippe.

P. 447, 1. 21. P. 448, 1. 38. The Cartesians are the followers of the philosopher Réné Descartes (1596-1650), one of whose leading metaphysical distinctions was, that while the fundamental attribute of material substance was Extension, the fundamental attribute of Mind was Thought, because by this attribute Mind was revealed to itself. (Lewes' History of Philosophy.)

P. 449, 1. 14. Speaking of a Puritan wrangler, Butler says (Hudibras, Part iii. 2, 443)—

'But still his tongue ran on, the less

Of weight it bore, with greater ease;
And with its everlasting clack,

Set all men's ears upon the rack.'

1. 23. In a volume of the collection of ballads, left by Anthony à Wood to the Bodleian Library, there is an old black-letter copy of this ballad, without date, 'printed for F. Coles in Wine Street near Hatton Garden.' It begins

In Bath a wanton wife did dwell

As Caucer he doth write,

Who did in pleasure spend her days

In many a fond delight.'

She dies and presents herself at the gate of heaven; her knock is answered by Adam, who objects to open to her; she gives him a shrewish answer; he runs away, and a string of other Biblical personages come up one after another, all endeavouring to turn her away; but her curst tongue is too much for them all. Thomas the apostle comes up in his turn; and then comes the quoted verse :

'I think, quoth Thomas, women's tongues

Of aspen leaves be made:

Thou unbelieving wretch, quoth she,

All is not true that's said.'

St. Paul and St. Peter come up; she scolds and discomfits them both; at last Christ comes up; and after earnest entreaty and fervent expressions of contrition, she is allowed to pass through the gate.

P. 453, l. I. Sir Paul Rycaut, the son of a London merchant, attended Lord Winchilsea as secretary to the embassy during five years which that nobleman passed as ambassador to the Porte at Constantinople. After that he was appointed British consul at Smyrna, and lived there many years. He was a man of an active inquiring turn of mind, and when, returning to England for a time after the recall of the embassy, he published in 1669 his

Present State of the Ottoman Empire, the book was welcomed as a valuable addition to the existing sources of information respecting wide regions of Europe and Asia. Before his death in 1700 he published several other works, chiefly on Turkish affairs. He says in the book above quoted (Book ii. ch. 26) that the Turks' hold it a pious work to buy a bird from a cage and give him his liberty,' and to buy bread and feed with it the mangy curs that infested the streets. But this was from a principle of charity and benevolence, not on account of any opinion as to transmigration. On the other hand, in an earlier chapter Rycaut tells a curious story illustrating the belief in transmigration entertained by the Munasihi, a small Turkish sect. Addison's memory appears to have mixed up the contents of the two chapters together.

P. 456, 1. 6. By Ethiopia is meant Abyssinia, or Abyssinia and Nubia together. The Portuguese and the French had opened up some communications with Abyssinia before Addison's time; but no Englishman, much less an English factory, seems to have appeared in the country before the famous traveller James Bruce.

6

P. 457, 1. 9. The Congé d'elire, or permission to elect' a bishop, is, in practice, the letter sent down by the Prime Minister to the Dean and Chapter of a vacant cathedral see, when the Sovereign has decided whom to appoint to the vacancy.

P. 460, 1. 15. In Garth's Dispensary (Canto ii. 95) it is said of Colon, the chief of the apothecaries, that—

1. 29. Douay was invested by Marlborough and Prince Eugene, at the head of an army of 120,000 men, in April, 1710. The place being strongly garrisoned made a vigorous resistance, and Marshal Villars advanced from Cambrai to its relief; he was unable however to effect anything, and the fortress capitulated on the 26th June. At Denain near Landrecies, on the 24th July, 1712, after Marlborough had been recalled and the English troops withdrawn, a portion of Prince Eugene's army was surprised by Marshal Villars, and routed with heavy loss. Douay was retaken soon after. This number of the Spectator appeared on Sept. 5, 1712.

P. 462, 1. 9. In the Religio Medici, Part ii. § II, Sir Thomas Browne, after thanking God for his happy dreams, as he does for his good rest,' says, 'Surely it is not a melancholy conceit to think we are all asleep in this world, and that the conceits of this life are as mere dreams to those of the next, as the phantasms of the night to the conceit of the day.' Then follows the passage quoted in the text.

1. 31.

'The soul's dark cottage, batter'd and decayed,

Lets in new light through chinks that time has made.'

P. 463, 1. 35.

P. 464, l. I.

Plutarch's Essay on Superstition, Ch. iii.

Waller.

In the treatise of Tertullian De Anima ('On the Soul'),

chapters 45-49, are on dreams. He rejects the opinion of Epicurus, that dreams are of no account whatever; considers that they are for the most part inflicted upon us by demons; but allows that they are sometimes used by the Deity for our good; and that, whether their source be divine or diabolic, future events have been often divined by means of them.

was

P. 465, l. 34. From the latter half of the twelfth century during a period of more than 150 years, a belief was firmly entertained in Europe that there a mighty potentate ruling somewhere in Central Asia about the year 1200, who was not only a Christian, but a priest, (Prester = Presbyter.) Marco Polo, the famous Venetian traveller of the fourteenth century relates at length the supposed war between Prester John and Zenghis Khan, in which the former was defeated and slain. (See Colonel Yule's excellent edition of Marco Polo.)

He

1. 39. It may be interesting to refer to what is said by the philosopher Spinoza, himself a Jew, in the third chapter of his Tractatus TheologicoPoliticus, on the peculiar permanence of the Jewish nationality. He considers that it is the general hatred with which they are regarded by other nations, which has maintained them as a people apart so long, and that one great cause of this aversion is their adherence to the rite of circumcision. adds, that whenever another nation has been able to make up its mind to put the Jews who live in its midst, in civil matters, on an equality with the general population, the isolation of the former has speedily disappeared. He cites two instances; one, that of those Jews in Spain, who in the reign of a previous king had preferred conversion to banishment. No distinction as to civil privileges having been made between these and the Christians, when they had once embraced the state religion, the consequence was that in a short time they were completely merged in the Spanish population, and not a trace of their separate existence remained. On the other hand, in Portugal, where the king similarly compelled a number of Jews to embrace Christianity, yet debarred them from the civil rights of Christians, the isolation of the former remained the same as before.

P. 473, 1. 21.

IX.

HYMNS.

The hymn which follows is introduced by Addison as the composition of the good Clergyman, one of the members of the Spectator Club, when lying on his deathbed.

INDEX.