lieve them from the jurisdiction of the secular courts He complies by a charter dated Feb. 23. The queen-mother is deprived of her estates by the parliament; Richard induces her to leave the Sanctuary at Westminster, taking an oath to provide for her and her daughters, March 1. The heralds and pursuivants of arms incorporated by charter1, March 2. Richard's son dies, April 9, and his queen March 16, 1485. Richard declares his nephew, John de la Pole, earl of Lincoln, his heir. The earl of Richmond, apprehensive of being delivered up by the duke of Britanny, seeks shelter in France, where he is allowed to raise forces. A three years' truce concluded with Scotland, Sept. 21, and a marriage arranged between Prince James and Anne de la Pole, Richard's niece. The duke of Albany invades Scotland with a body of English borderers; he is defeated at Lochmaben, June 22, and flees to France". The earl of Oxford escapes from Hammes, and joins Richmond". This was in imitation of what his brother Edward had done in the early part of his reign. The grant is made to Garter (John Writhe), Clarence, Norroy, and Gloucester, kings of arms; it confers on the college the house called Cold Arber, in the parish of Allhallows the Less, London, and permits the purchase of lands to the value of £20 yearly for the support of a chaplain to say mass in the house daily. He also received the appointment of lord-lieutenant of Ireland, which the deceased prince had held, Aug. 21. He was shortly after killed there at a tournament. • Some of the garrison accompanied him; Thomas Brandon and seventy-three other soldiers, and Elizabeth, wife of James Blount, supposed to have allowed their escape, received a pardon, Jan. 27, 1485. A.D. 1485. Richard raises money by way of "benevolence," which greatly impairs his popularity. He proposes to marry the princess Elizabeth, which is agreed to by the queen-mother. The earl of Richmond, alarmed at this news P, hastens his preparations. A fleet fitted out in April, under Sir George Neville a, to intercept the Lancastrians. Richmond sails from Harfleur, Aug. 1, and lands at Milford Haven, Aug. 7. Richard repairs to Nottingham, as a central station, where he orders his friends to join him. Richmond advances through Wales into Staffordshire, is joined by Sir George Talbot and others, and comes to an understanding with Lord Stanley". The castle of Dunbar recovered by the Scots. Richard, on the news of Richmond's approach, repairs to Leicester. He leaves it, Aug. 21, and encamps near Bosworth. The battle of Bosworth, Aug. 22, in which Richard, betrayed by Lord Stanley and the earl of Northumberland, is defeated and killed. His body is brought into Leicester, and buried in the Grey Friars monastery, Aug. 25. It had been for some time understood that he was to marry the princess himself; which he afterwards did. a Neville received large grants "for services against the rebels," June 30 and July 1. On the triumph of the Lancastrians, he went abroad. Stanley held the office of constable, and with his son, Lord Strange, had obtained valuable grants for "services against the rebels." He was warden of the marches and lord chamberlain, and, like Stanley, had received a share of the forfeited estates. W Badges of the Tudors, HEN Henry of Richmond had succeeded in possessing himself of the English crown, he found no difficulty in procuring from Wales a duly authenticated pedigree, in which his descent from Caractacus and consequent right to the British sceptre was clearly shewna. English writers, however, are content to discover the first noted person of his family in a Welsh squire, named Owen Tudor (Tedder, or Theodore), whose handsome person procured him the alliance of Katherine of France, the relict of Henry V.; he lost his life in the Lancastrian cause, but his grandson became a king. The Tudors ruled for nearly one hundred and twenty years (A.D. 1485-1603); changes of the most important nature were effected in their time, and mainly by the sovereigns themselves. Henry VII. gave its death-blow to the feudal system, and began to rear The pedigree will be found in extenso in Powell's "History of Wales." something like our present state of society in its stead"; the iron hand of Henry VIII. broke up monastic establishments, and by destroying the dependence of the Church of England on that of Rome, gave opportunity for the purification of the former from stains contracted by its long connexion with a Church" which hath erred, not only in living and manner of ceremonies, but also in matters of faith." These reformatory measures were carried on by the advisers of his son; and, though somewhat retarded by his daughter Mary, received their full and happy accomplishment from the hands of the last of her race, the famous Queen Elizabeth. Though fierce political and religious dissensions disturbed the Tudor era, the nation made great advances in commerce and navigation; voyages to India were undertaken, and vigorous efforts made to share the riches of the New World. The mode of government, however, if less openly tyrannical, was more systematically oppressive than heretofore; but the patronage shewn, especially under Elizabeth, to literature, has enriched the period with names which can never die. The badges of the Tudors are less various than those b The nobility had been greatly reduced in number by the civil war, and most of those who survived were in a state of poverty; Henry VII., professedly to relieve them, allowed them to dispose of their lands, free from the burdens of feudalism; much of the soil of the country thus came into the possession of merchants and traders, and a middle class sprang up, into whose hands the real power of the State has been gradually drawn; a change the importance of which it is impossible to over-estimate. The Tudors were such absolute rulers, and their parliaments and their judges so subservient, that new laws were made and old ones interpreted without regard to anything except meeting the wishes of the sovereign Hence the forms of law were strictly observed in innumerable cases where every principle of justice was disregarded. |