pronounced invalid, July 10, and abrogated by parliament, July 24, [c. 25].

The king marries Katherine Howard, the niece of the duke of Norfolk, at Oatlands, July 28.

Barnes, Gerard, and Jerome, burnt as heretics, and Abel, Fetherstone, and Powell, executed at the same time, in Smithfield, as traitors", July 30.

Laurence Cook*, prior of Doncaster, Horne, a lay brother of the Charter House, Bronholme, a priest, and four gentlemen, executed together at Tyburn, for denying the royal supremacy, Aug. 4.

The Privy Council Register commences, Aug. 18. A second secretary of state is appointed about the same time.

A.D. 1541. The countess of Salisbury is beheaded, May 27.

Lord Dacre of the South (Thomas Fiennes) tried and convicted of murder, June 27.

Anne of Cleves formally consented to the terms of separation, July 11; she continued to reside in England until her death, which occurred at Chelsea, July 17, 1557; she was buried at Westminster with much pomp, Aug. 4. Her will shews great consideration for her servants, and gives a very favourable impression of her character.

" The whole of these sufferers were clergymen of the universities, estimable for their learning and the purity of their lives. Abel had been chaplain to Katherine of Arragon, and he and his two companions were condemned for affirming the legality of her marriage. Abel was confined in the Beauchamp Tower, where his inscription (THOMAS and "A" on a bell) still remains.

* He also was imprisoned in the Beauchamp Tower, as is evidenced by his inscription "DOCTOR COOK: 1540."

The charge against her was that she had favoured the rising called the Pilgrimage of Grace, and had since corresponded with her son, Cardinal Pole.

He had, in company with some wild companions, forcibly entered the park of Nicholas Pelham, at Laughton, in Sussex, with

Lord Leonard Grey, late deputy of Ireland, is executed, June 28.

Sir David Genson, a knight of St. John, is hanged for denying the king's supremacy, July 1; a Welsh minstrel is executed on the same day, for singing a "prophecy" against the king.

The king makes a progress in the north, and receives large sums of money from the parties to the recent insurrections.

The Scots make an inroad, and ravage Northumberland.

The queen (Katherine Howard) is charged with impure living, and sent to the Tower, in November; two of her paramours, Culpeper and Dereham, are tried Dec. 1, and executed Dec. 10; Lord William Howard and several other persons are tried and convicted of concealing her unchaste life, Dec. 22.

A.D. 1542. A bill of attainder against the queen and her confederates is brought into parliament Jan. 21, and receives the royal assent, at the request of the Houses, very shortly after, [33 Hen. VIII. c. 21.]

Offences committed in the king's palace ordered to be tried by a jury of the royal household, [c. 12].

The diocese of Chester and the Isle of Man transferred from the province of Canterbury to that of York, [c. 31].

dogs and nets for the purpose of hunting; they were opposed in their traitorous intention" by three keepers, one of whom (John Bushbridge) was mortally wounded in the scuffle, April 30, 1541. Lord Dacre, after a part of the evidence had been heard, pleaded guilty, and threw himself on the king's mercy; he was nevertheless executed, June 29.

The king takes the title of King of Ireland, instead of Lorda, Jan. 23.

Several of the Irish chieftains are made peers of parliament b.

The queen is examined by the archbishop of Canterbury, and confesses the looseness of her life; she is executed, with Lady Rochford, Feb. 12.

Arms of the Kingdom of
Ireland.

SCOTLAND.

A.D. 1542. The Scots and the English make several devastating inroads, in one of which Sir Robert Bowes, the warden of the east marches, is taken prisoner, at Halydon-rigg, Aug. 24.

The duke of Norfolk burns Kelso, but shortly after retires to Berwick.

James sends an army to invade Cumberland; from hatred of the general (Oliver Sinclair, a court favourite), they disband, on the banks of the Esk, the nobles and gentry giving themselves up prisoners, Nov. 25.

a This had been advised by the deputy and council of Ireland some years before, at the beginning of his differences with the pope, who was still generally regarded as the feudal superior of the land, as he had been ages before (see an instance of this, vol. i. p. 370). The change was confirmed in 1544, by act of parliament, [35 Hen. VIII. c. 3].

The title of Lord Carbery was conferred on William Bermingham, June 17, 1541; Con O'Neal and his son Matthew were created earl of Tyrone and Lord Dungannon, Oct. 1, 1542; Morogh O'Brien was made earl of Thomond, Ulick Burke, earl of Clanrickard, and Donough O'Brien, Lord Ibracken, July 1, 1543.

James dies at Falkland, Dec. 14; he is succeeded by his infant daughter, Mary, under the guardianship of her mother, Mary of Guise.

The chief adviser of James had long been Cardinal Beaton, archbishop of St. Andrew's, and the first place in the council of regency was assigned to him by the will of the king. This was set aside by the parliament, and the earl of Arran, the presumptive heir to the throne, placed at the head of affairs (Jan. 10, 1543); Beaton was imprisoned for a while (Jan. 26 to April 10), but Arran, being a weak man, soon became the mere tool of the cardinal, who, in concert with the queenmother, cultivated a close alliance with France, and procured the rejection of an offer to unite the two kingdoms of England and Scotland by the marriage of the infant queen to Edward, the son of Henry. He also laboured strenuously to repress the spirit of reformation which had long existed in Scotland, but had begun to exert itself more boldly of late years in consequence of the destruction of the papal power in England. Among other victims, he seized and put to death George Wishart, the most prominent of the reformed preachers, but was himself assassinated in his castle of St. Andrew's, very shortly after, (May 28, 1546,) and the power of the Church in Scotland fell with him.

The queen-mother, though of the family of Guise, from political reasons for a while favoured the holders of the reformed doctrines; but when, having accomplished.

James Hamilton, great grandson of James II.

d A Lollard preacher (John Risby) was burnt in Scotland, in 1407; and a statute for the punishment of "heretics and Lollards" was passed in 1425.

her projects of securing the regency to herself and the marriage of her daughter to the heir of the French crown, she wished to retrace her steps and rule by the aid of French mercenaries, she found it impossible to do so. The reformers, styling themselves "the Congregation of the Lord," flew to arms; they sought succour from England, and a fierce war ensued. length the queen's party was crushed, she herself died of grief in the castle of Edinburgh, where she was more of a prisoner than a ruler, and Leith, the last stronghold of the Romanists, was surrendered.

At

At the very outbreak of the war, the reformers, incited by the fierce invectives of Knox, Erskine and others, against the clergy, had thrown down churches and monasteries far more recklessly than had been done in England. Being now triumphant, a parliament in 1561 not only set up a new form of Church polity, on the

• John Knox was born near Haddington in 1505; he studied at St. Andrew's, and very early attained to great proficiency in scholastic theology. He discharged for a while the duties of a Romish priest, but his opinions were shaken by the preaching of Williams, a Dominican, who as early as 1540 ventured to inveigh against the papal authority. Knox afterwards became the friend of Wishart, and only escaped his fate by concealing himself. On Cardinal Beaton's death, Knox joined the party which held the castle of St. Andrew's, preached the doctrines of the Reformation under their protection, was captured with them, and carried to France, where he was condemned to the galleys. He was released after a time, and came to England, where he became a licensed preacher, but on the accession of Mary he went abroad, and associated himself with Calvin. He returned to Scotland in 1555, embroiled himself with the bishops, and was burnt in effigy; he again went to Geneva, where he wrote a vehement attack on "the monstrous regiment of women," directed against Mary, but remembered to his disadvantage by Elizabeth. Knox had a great share in preparing the Geneva Bible, and returning to Scotland in 1561, he took a leading part in the events of the next few years, which witnessed the ruin of his queen, the expulsion of the bishops, and the destruction of the churches. He died Nov. 24, 1572.