Philip and Mary, from their Great Seal.

MARY.

MARY, the only child of Henry VIII. and Katharine of Arragon who survived her parents, was born at Greenwich, Feb. 18, 1516. In her tenth year a separate establishment was formed for her, and she was sent to reside at Ludlow, with a household of 300 persons, and with the countess of Salisbury for her governess. The time she passed there was probably the happiest of her days, for her life was early embittered by the controversy regarding her parents' marriage, although she was not pronounced illegitimate until her father had formed a new union with Anne Boleyn. Mary was brought up in a profound veneration for the see of Rome, by her mother, with whom she naturally sided, and thus she gave deep offence to her imperious father, who at length extorted the most humiliating submissions from hera; though it is to be hoped that he did not entertain the monstrous thought of putting her to death, as has been asserted. Her life, however, for years was evidently full of anxiety and danger, and her case was little improved when her brother Edward VI. succeeded to the throne; • See p. 179.

his councillors endeavoured to enforce her conformity to the " new religion," as she considered it, by imprisoning her chaplains and servants; but she refused to yield, though prevented from escaping to the continent, and they feared to proceed further, as she was supported by a numerous party to whom she was endeared by her mother's sufferings, and her own community of faith and works of charity, and had beside a powerful and steady friend in her cousin the emperor (Charles V.).

Edward VI. died July 6, 1553, and Mary became queen, in spite of a futile attempt of the duke of Northumberland to place his daughter-in-law, Lady Jane Grey, on the throne. She entered London in triumph, accompanied by her sister Elizabeth and the Lady Anne of Cleves, released the prisoners in the Tower, and placed herself in the hands of one of them, Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, who had been harshly treated in the preceding reign, and who at once set himself earnestly to work to undo all that had been effected to the prejudice of the See of Rome for the preceding twenty years. Cranmer, Ridley, and other eminent Protestants, having supported the usurpation of Jane Grey, were imprisoned, ostensibly as traitors; all preaching except on the side of the Romish party was forbidden; a public disputation was managed with palpable unfairness; and Grindal, Sandys, Aylmer, Jewel, and others who afterwards became governors of the Church,

b Her Privy Purse Account from 1536 to 1544 has been published by Sir Frederic Madden. The entries shew active benevolence towards the poor, compassion for prisoners, friendly regard and liberality to her servants; and also indicate many elegant pursuits and domestic virtues, for which in general she does not receive credit.

as well as Whittingham, Sampson, Humphrey, and many more who disturbed its peace, retired to the continent. The married clergy were displaced, images restored, and the ancient worship re-established, without waiting for the consent of the parliament.

Mary's first parliament met in October, 1553; acting on the prompting of Gardiner, it annulled all the laws of the last two reigns regarding religion, and thus prepared the way for a formal reconciliation with Rome, which was effected, under the mediation of Cardinal Pole, about a year later. Meanwhile, after an attempt to prevent it by insurrection, the queen had married Philip of Spain, and most probably by him, rather than by Gardiner, was induced to sanction the barbarous persecution of the Protestants, in the course of which, and in less than four years, an archbishop, three bishops, many other clergymen, and almost three hundred of the laity, of every age, sex, and condition, suffered at the stake, but, in the language of one of the victims, (Latimer,) "lighted such a candle as all Rome has not since been able to put out." The re-establishment of Romanism was happily impossible, and these cruelties of its most devoted partisans had only the effect of rendering themselves odious to every succeeding age.

The foreign transactions of Mary's reign were as

* See p. 239.

Public opinion at the time regarded Philip as the real originator of the persecution, and Gardiner and Bonner merely as his tools; an opinion which received confirmation from his treatment of the Protestants in his nereditary states, and which was not altered by a sermon inculcating charity and forbearance preached by his confessor, a Spanish friar.

• There are various estimates of the number, but this is the lowest ; and to it must be added many victims who died in prison.

unfortunate and discreditable as her domestic government. To support the cause of her husband Philip she engaged in a war with France, which utterly exhausted her treasure, and caused the loss of Calais; an event which she did not long survive, dying exhausted by grief and anxietyf, in the same year, Nov. 17, 1558; she was buried in Henry VIIth's chapel at Westminster, Dec. 13.

In her youth several marriages were proposed for Mary, but they were all abandoned, probably in consequence of the stigma cast on her birth. In 1554 she married Philip, the son of the emperor Charles V., who was much younger than herself; he soon treated her with neglect, and some time before her death withdrew entirely to his own dominions 8. She had no issue.

She made a will, March 30, 1558, in apprehension of the peril of ؛

childbirth, which abounds in affectionate expressions respecting her mother, her husband, and her subjects. he leaves the place of her burial to her executors, only directing that they shall cause her mother's body to be removed from Peterborough and buried with her, "with honourable tombs or monuments for a memory of us both." She gives considerable sums to religious houses, and bequeaths 400 marks a year for the foundation of an hospital for old and maimed soldiers, "the which we think both honour, conscience, and charity willeth should be provided for." She wills valuable jewels to her husband, which she prays him to keep for a remembrance, and only to bequeath them to their children, "if God should give her any ;" provides for her servants; and solemnly charges her executors to make payment of the loans she has recently received from her people, and after that to discharge the debts of her brother and her father. On Oct. 28, when she felt the approach of death, she added a codicil, lamenting that Philip should no longer reign, but praying him ever to remain friendly to the English nation; and earnestly adjuring her "heir and successor" (she does not name her) to perform her bequests, and to pay her debts. The debts were eventually paid, but the hospital for soldiers was left to be founded in another age.

Philip became king of Spain by the resignation of his father, in January, 1556.

Mary before her marriage bore the same arms as her

brother, but without the garter; after her marriage her arms were impaled with those of Philiph. For supporters of her own arms she employed the golden lion, associated sometimes with the red dragon, at others with the white greyhound; but the coat when impaled is supported by an eagle and a lion. She ordinarily employed the usual motto,

66

Arms of Mary before her
marriage.

Dieu et mon Droit;" but sometimes (in allusion to a passage in the preamble of the act asserting her legitimacy) Veritas Temporis filia." She used the pomegranate, and rose and pomegranate badges of her mother, and also a badge peculiar to herself, an impalement of the Tudor rose and a sheaf of arrows.

Like all the children of Henry VIII., Mary was

h Philip's coat has no less than eleven bearings; the arms, namely, of Castile, Leon, Arragon, Sicily, Granada, Austria (modern), Burgundy (ancient and modern), Brabant, Flanders, and Tyrol.