Sir Nicholas Throckmorton, Sir George Harper, and several other prisoners, are released from the Tower, Jan. 18x.

The Marian persecution begins, with the seizure of a congregation of thirty persons in the city of London, who are discovered using the service-book of King Edward.

Rogers, a prebendary of St. Paul's, is brought before the council, and examined as to his religious opinions, Jan. 22; he refuses to acknowledge the supremacy of the pope, and is sent back to Newgate.

Hooper, the deprived bishop of Gloucester, and Rogers, are examined before Gardiner and other bishops at St. Mary Overy, Southwark, and condemned as V obstinate heretics," Jan. 28.

Rogers is burnt in Smithfield, Feb. 4; and Hooper at Gloucester, Feb. 9.

Alphonso, a Spanish friar, and the king's confessor, preaches a sermon, Feb. 10, in which he throws the odium of the burnings on the bishops; they, in consequence, pause in their course.

Thirlby, bishop of Ely, and lord Montacute, are sent as ambassadors to Rome, to formally complete the reconciliation, February.

The English exiles circulate an address to the queen and the people against persecution for conscience' sake.

The prince of Orange had visited the Tower a few days before, and expressed compassion for their captivity, and a hope that the queen would relieve them.

y Anthony Browne, formerly one of the queen's household.

This manifesto also entered into political matters, endeavoured to alarm the holders of the abbey lands, and drew a picture of the Spanish rule in the Netherlands, and of the dangers which threatened

R

The queen surrenders such of the Church lands as still remain with the crown, and places them at the disposal of the cardinal.

William Flower, formerly a monk, attempts to murder the priest at St. Margaret's, Westminster, whilst ministering the sacrament on Easter-day (April 14); his hand is cut off, and he is then burnt as a heretic, in the Sanctuary, April 24.

The justices of the peace are enjoined diligently to search out heretics; many persons are in consequence apprehended, condemned, and executed.

Thirteen persons burnt at Stratford, June 27.

John Bradford, a prebendary of St. Paul's, is burnt in Smithfield, July 1.

The English ambassadors have conferences with the pope, (Paul IV), who presses them for a restoration of all the Church lands, and the payment of Peterpence.

The bishops of Lincoln, Gloucester, and Bristol, and other commissioners, hold a court under the papal authority at Oxford, for the trial of Cranmer, Ridley and Latimer. After several examinations Ridley and La

England from the same cause. It was answered by the Romanists by an appeal to the Mosaic laws against blasphemers, and such texts as Compel them to come in."

a

Already mentioned (see p. 229) as having, with his fellow martyr Rogers, saved the life of Bourn, Bonner's chaplain; he had been imprisoned ever since Aug. 16, 1553, and is remarkable for having carried on a warm theological controversy with Ridley and other prisoners.

b The process commenced early in September, though sentence was not pronounced against Ridley and Latimer until Friday, Oct. 4, and then the cause, as far as regarded Cranmer, was remitted to Rome, where a definitive sentence of deprivation was passed against him in December. This was carried out by his formal degradation, Feb. 14, 1556.

timer are condemned as "obstinate heretics," and are burnt near Balliol College, Oct. 16.

manded to prison.

The parliament meets, Oct. 21.

Cranmer is re

Commissioners appointed to restore and re-edify castles and towns in the northern counties [2 & 3 Phil. & Mar. c. 1.1

Tenths and first-fruits restored to the Church, [c. 4.] Former statutes for the relief of the poor confirmed and amended, [c. 5.]

Sir Anthony Kingston, a member of the Commons, is imprisoned by the council for his conduct in parliament d.

Cardinal Pole, having the royal license, holds a synod, at which canons are drawn up for reforming the state of the Church.

Dr. Story and others are commissioned to restore the roodlofts, crucifixes, and images in the churches.

Gardiner, bishop of Winchester and lord chancellor, dies at Whitehall, Nov. 12ė.

A.D. 1556. The archbishop of York is appointed lord chancellor, Jan. 1.

William Chamberlain, or Constable, a youth who had

• Where the poor were particularly numerous they might be licensed to beg; and sums gathered in London for their relief were to be paid to and disbursed by Christ's Hospital.

d He was discharged after a fortnight's confinement, but being afterwards accused of a design to rob the Exchequer, he was apprehended, and died on his way to London. His alleged confederates, John Throckmorton (brother of Sir Nicholas) and seven others were found guilty and executed.

e His body was wrapped in lead and placed in a vault in the church of St Mary Overy, Southwark, where it remained until near the end of February, 1556, when it was removed with much pomp and buried at Winchester. Whilst it rested at St. Mary's, the rich velvet pall was stolen from the coffin.

personated the deceased king, Edward VI., is executed, March 13.

Cranmer is tampered with in prison, and recants; he is yet ordered for execution by writ dated Feb. 24; after a further delay he is burnt at Oxford, March 21.

Trinity College, Oxford, founded by Sir Thomas Popes, March 18.

? Some persons were examined by the council as long back as Nov. 1553, for spreading a report of King Edward being alive. Chamberlain was the son of a miller in the north, and had been in the service of Sir Peter Meautys, who was himself imprisoned in 1555; he had before confessed his imposture, and been dismissed with a whipping, on a promise of repairing to his own country, which it seems he had not done.

This deserves notice, as the first college founded in either University by an individual since the Reformation. On its site were some ruined buildings of Durham college, a foundation of the latter part of

Tomb of Sir Thomas Pope, in Trinity College Chapel.

the 13th century, which had been shortly before granted to Dr. George Owen and William Martyn, and were purchased from them by Sir Thomas Pope. He had been educated at Eton, was a lawyer,

Cardinal Pole is consecrated archbishop of Canterbury, March 22h. He publicly assumes the functions of papal legate, March 28.

Richard Uvedale, governor of Yarmouth castle, in the Isle of Wight, is convicted of treason, April 21, and executed April 28.

A commission granted to Bonner and others (Sept. 23) to search for and collect all records of the visitations of the monasteries, and deliver them to the cardinal," that they might be disposed of as the queen should orderk."

The abbey of Westminster formally re-established, Nov. 21; John Feckenham, or Howman, late dean of St. Paul's, is installed as abbot.

A.D. 1557. Cardinal Pole holds a visitation of the Universities, when English Bibles and books containing "heretical opinions" are destroyed. The body of Peter Martyr's wife is removed from its grave at Oxford, but re-interred through defect of legal evidence as to her creed; at Cambridge the bodies of Bucer and Fagius.

and had held many important offices. became clerk of the Star-chamber, then a privy councillor; also treasurer of the Court of Augmentations, master of the jewels, and warden of the mint. He was for awhile the keeper of the Princess Elizabeth, and dying in January, 1559, soon after her accession, he was buried in the chapel of his college.

He had been appointed by the pope, by a bull dated Dec. 11, 1555.

iHe had agreed not to oppose a threatened landing of Henry Dudley and others' who had formerly fled to France, and to whom the plunder of the Exchequer (see p. 243) was intended to be sent. John Throckmorton was tried and executed with him.

They appear to have been destroyed, as very few are now known to exist.

She could not speak English, and therefore testimony as to her religious opinions was not procurable.