A.D. 1408. The earl of Northumberland and Lord Bardolf again appear in the north, and take up arms; they are defeated by the sheriff of Yorkshire (Sir Thomas Rokeby) at Bramham-moor, Feb. 19, the earl being killed in the field, and Lord Bardolf mortally wounded.

A.D. 1409. The council of Pisa deposes the rival popes, styled Benedict XIII. and Gregory XII., June 5; Peter of Candia elected, June 15 or 26, who takes the name of Alexander V.

A strong body of Welsh ravage Shropshire, but are defeated, and their leaders, Philip Dhu and Philpot Scudamore, carried to London and executed.

A.D. 1410. The confiscation of the temporalities of the Church again proposed by the commons, but rejected by Henry.

The circulation of foreign money prohibited by statute [11 Hen. c. 5].

Thomas Badby, a Lollard, is executed, in April.

A.D. 1411. Henry sends a body of troops to assist the duke of Burgundy against his rivals; they gain a victory at St. Cloud 5, and capture Paris.

Donald, lord of the Isles, endeavours to make himself independent of the Scottish crown. He is supported by Henry, but being defeated at Harlaw, near Aberdeen, July 24, is reduced to submission.

The giving of liveries again prohibited by statute. The practice had been forbidden in the first and seventh years of Henry's reign, but the enactments had not been attended to, [13 Hen. IV. c. 3].

The French factions were so embittered against each other, that it was with difficulty that the English could prevail on the Burguu. dians to spare the lives of their prisoners.

Prince Henry is removed from the council.

A.D. 1412. Henry changes his policy, and joins the Orleans party, by treaty, May 12.

A six years' truce is concluded with the Scots, May 7. Henry falls ill, when his eldest son claims the regency, which is refused to him.

The parties in France are reconciled, and unite against the English, who in return ravage Normandyh.

The first university in Scotland founded at St. Andrew's.

A.D. 1413. Henry is seized with a fit while at his devotions in the chapel of St. Edmund at Westminster; he dies a few days after, March 20, and is buried at Canterburyi.

They were commanded by the duke of Clarence; at length they withdrew into Guienne, on the promise of a large sum of money, for which the duke of Orleans gave hostages.

His tomb still exists, and there seems no reason to doubt that he was buried there; but the partisans of the House of York many years after asserted, with the view of blackening his character, that, like Jonas, his body was thrown into the Thames, in order to appease a violent tempest. The curious statement of one Clement Maydeston on the subject will be found in Wharton's Anglia Sacra, and also in Stothard's Sepulchral Monuments.

Henry V., from his Monument, Westminster Abbey.

HENRY V.

HENRY, the eldest son of Henry of Bolingbroke and Mary de Bohun, (one of the co-heiresses of Humphrey, earl of Hereford,) was born at Monmouth, Aug. 9, 1388. He had for his governor the famous Sir Thomas Percy, (afterwards earl of Worcester,) and was educated at Queen's College, Oxford, under the care of his uncle, Henry Beaufort, eventually bishop of Winchester. He early shared in the fortunes of his father, being carried to Ireland, as a hostage, by Richard II. in his eleventh year, but apparently treated with kindness, and honoured with knighthood. On his father's accession to the throne, young Henry was created prince of Wales, was summoned to parliament, and intrusted with military command against Glyndwr. The earl of March and his brother were placed under his guardianship; he was appointed lieutenant of Wales, and also warden of the Cinque Ports, and captain of the castles of Dover and Calais. He was likewise for a while a mem

ber of the council, but was removed from it about the year 1412, having grievously offended his father by demanding the regency during the frequent illnesses of the latter, and being suspected of aspiring to the crown. So much active employment at so early an age renders it very doubtful that he could be guilty of much of the dissipation and violent conduct ordinarily ascribed to his youthful days.

Henry succeeded to the throne, March 21, 1413. Encouraged by the weakness to which the civil wars of the Orleans and Burgundian factions had reduced the country, he at once prepared to attack France, but at first professed to have in view only the recovery of the English provinces. The negotiations for this end were protracted until the summer of 1415, when he put himself at the head of his army, landed in Normandy, captured Harfleur, and gained the victory of Agincourt, but, exhausted by the effort, was obliged to return to England.

In 1417 he again invaded France, effected the conquest of Normandy, gained the alliance of the Burgundians, and at length, by virtue of the treaty of Troyes, (May, 1420,) received the princess Katherine in marriage, was recognised by the queen-mother (Isabella of Bavaria) as heir to the crown, to the exclusion of her own son, the dauphin, and returned in triumph to England. A few months shewed that his conquest was not complete, and that the disinherited prince possessed the affections of the nation; his brother, the duke of Clarence, was defeated and killed at Beauge, in March, › See p. 25.

1421, and the king hastily returning, passed the short remainder of his life in almost constant action. He captured Dreux, but failed before Orleans, and though he passed the winter at Paris as king of France, was obliged in the following year to besiege Meaux, which only surrendered after a most resolute resistance; shortly after this he fell ill, and being carried to the Bois de Vincennes, near Paris, died there, Aug. 31, 1422, in the 35th year of his age, and the 10th of his reign.

Henry married the princess Katherine of France; she bore him one son, HENRY, who succeeded him. Katherine in 1423 married Owen Tudor, one of her attendants, and by him became the mother of Edmund Tudor, created earl of Richmond, the father of Henry VII.; Jasper, earl of Pembroke, and other children. She died in the nunnery of Bermondsey, separated from her husband, Jan. 4, 1437k.

This king bore, like his father, France and England quarterly, but with the fleurs-de-lis of the former only three in number1. The same supporters (a lion and antelope) are ascribed to him, but probably this is an error. For badges he used an antelope gorged with a crown and chained; a swan similarly adorned; and a beacon inflamed; these devices are sometimes seen

Shortly after Katherine's death it was discovered that her sisterin-law, the duchess of Bedford, had also married one of her squires, Richard Woodville, and as she was now the first lady in the kingdom, the nobility loudly complained of these matches as degrading. The more recent offender, Woodville, had a powerful friend in Cardinal Beaufort, and so escaped punishment for his "presumption," but Tudor was confined in Newgate, and afterwards in the Tower.

This was in imitation of an alteration made by Charles VI. of France.