tears out the protest with his own hand, and adjourns the Houses, Dec. 19.

A.D. 1622. The parliament is dissolved, Feb. 8.

Sir Edward Coke and Mr. Pym are imprisoned, and Sir Dudley Digges, and other obnoxious members of the late parliament, forced to repair to Ireland against their will, under pretence of the king's servicex.

A Romish university founded in Dublin3.

A.D. 1623. The treaty for the Spanish marriage is all but concluded by the earl of Bristol (John Digby), when Prince Charles and Buckingham arrive in Madrid", March 7. The negotiations are opened afresh, but at length a public and a private treaty a are agreed to, which King James swears to observe, July 20.

The prince and Buckingham return to England, arriving Oct. 5.

The marriage treaty is broken off, and the earl of Bristol recalled to England, December.

A.D. 1624. The parliament meets Feb. 19, and sits

They were commissioned to inquire, among other things, into abuses said to have been committed in the recent plantation of Ulster.

> It was allowed to exist for about ten years, but was then closed by the lord-deputy, and the building granted to Trinity College, Dublin.

They left England in disguise, Feb. 18, and travelled with but three attendants, taking the names of James and Thomas Smith; the journey is thought to have been suggested by Gondomar, the Spanish ambassador.

a

The public treaty only conceded freedom of worship to the Infanta and her household; the private treaty engaged the king to procure, if possible, the repeal of the penal statutes, and if not, to suspend their execution.

The rupture of the treaty was generally ascribed to Buckingham, and he in consequence became popular for a while; but the earl of Bristol eventually exposed the course of his proceedings in Spain, and made it evident that he had consulted his own pride and anger, rather than the honour of his master.

till May 29. The king endeavours to prevent the earl of Bristol appearing in his place, but on the remonstrance of the Peers he gives way. The earl then charges Buckingham with causing the rupture with Spain. Buckingham explains his conduct to the expressed satisfaction of the parliament.

Monopolies declared contrary to law, and all such grants void [21 Jac. I. c. 3.]

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War is declared against Spain, March 10.

The earl of Middlesex (Lionel Cranfeild), lord treasurer, is impeached by the Commons, at the instigation of Buckingham, April. He is convicted of bribery and neglect of duty by the Peers, May 13, is fined £50,000, and declared incapable of sitting in parliament.

The lord keeper (John Williams, bishop of Lincoln) is also complained of by Buckingham, but the Commons decline to impeach him.

A complaint of false doctrine is made to the Commons against Dr. Richard Montague, one of the king's chaplainse.

• Patents of invention, giving a monopoly for not more than 14 years, were excepted.

He was sent to the Tower the next day, and formally deprived of office May 16. Cranfeild was originally a merchant of London, and had been brought forward by Buckingham, but had offended him by hesitating to sanction his lavish expenditure in the Spanish journey. He defended himself with spirit on his trial, and is believed to have been unjustly condemned. His fine was reduced to £20,000; he was soon released from prison, and lived in retirement until his death, which occurred in the year 1645.

In a tract against the Romanists, entitled, "A Gag for the New Gospel," he had denied that the Calvinistic tenets were agreeable to the faith of the Church of England. This gave great offence to the Puritan party; he was summoned before the House, and condemned to silence by the archbishop of Canterbury (Abbot), to whom they remitted the cause. He, however, appealed to the king, and he was saved from any present consequences by the dissolution of the parliament, which soon occurred, but his prosecution was revived in the

Count Mansfeldt is allowed to raise 12,000 men in England for the service of the Elector Palatine. They are hastily embarked in crowded ships, and lose nearly half their number from sicknessf.

A marriage treaty for the prince of Wales is concluded with France, Nov. 12.

Pembroke College, Oxford, founded.

A.D. 1625. The king dies of an ague at Theobalds, March 27, and is buried at Westminster.

next reign, his "Appello Cæsarem" being in its very nature grievous to the parliament, which already aimed at supremacy.

Montagu was born in 1578, and was educated at Cambridge. In spite of the anger of the parliament, he was in 1628 made bishop of Chichester (one William Jones, a London tradesman, publicly objecting to the election, but without effect), and in 1638 was translated to Norwich. He died April 13, 1641.

This calamitous event made a great impression on the king, who bitterly lamented having yielded to the persuasion of evil counsellors, and plunged into a war in his old age.

CHARLES, the second son of James VI. of Scotland and Anne of Denmark, was born at Dumfermline, Nov. 19, 1600, was brought to England shortly after his father's accession to the throne, and was, while yet very young, created duke of York and knight of the Garter; on the death of his brother Henry, in 1612, he became prince of Wales. In 1623 he engaged in a journey to Spain, in company with the marquis of Buckingham, in order to conclude a marriage that had long been pending with the Infanta Maria, the daughter of Philip IV., but the project failed, and shortly after his return he succeeded to the throne by the death of his father, March 27, 1625; he was crowned Feb. 2, 1626.

The first great unhappiness of Charles's reign was the evil influence of his favourite Buckingham. The young king had imbibed principles of arbitrary power, which

made him regard parliaments only as instruments of taxation, and hence his indignation was extreme when his first parliament brought charges of the gravest nature against the favourite, and declined to vote taxes, although the nation was at war with Spain, until these and other matters of grievance were redressed. By Buckingham's advice they were speedily dismissed, as was a second parliament, which pursued a like course, and the fatal step was taken of attempting to govern without one. Clergymen were found to enlarge on the doctrine of passive obedience, and to declare in express terms that the king had an absolute right to such part of his subjects' property as he chose to take; judges perverted the law in the same spirit; tunnage and poundage were exacted, although they had only been granted for the late king's life; forced loans were raised, those who refused to pay being imprisoned, or made to serve as soldiers or sailors; martial law also was proclaimed, as if for the purpose of intimidation, and a project entertained of hiring a body of German horse. In the midst of these difficulties a war was entered on with France, which was generally ascribed to some personal resentments of Buckingham, and in which he discharged the

Dr. Sibthorp preached a sermon of this nature, ("Apostolical Obedience,") at Northampton, Feb. 22, 1627, from Rom. xiii. 7, “ Render therefore to all their dues;" and Dr. Roger Manwaring, preaching before the king at Whitehall, maintained that "those who refused to pay the loan offended against the law of God, and the king's supreme authority, and became guilty of impiety, disloyalty, and rebellion;" he also affirmed that the authority of parliament was not necessary for the raising of aids and subsidies, and that the slow proceedings of such assemblies were prejudicial to the just designs of princes. His sermons were published under the title, ،، Religion and Allegiance ;" but they occasioned so much discontent that the king was obliged to suppress them by proclamation.