which is, therefore, limited in the matter of expense. Hence they are fewer than I should have desired. The libraries of Europe contain many catalogues of weapons printed in folio with highly finished and coloured plates which here would be out of place. That such a work upon the subject of the Sword will presently appear I have no doubt; and my only hope is that this volume will prove an efficient introduction. To conclude. I return grateful thanks to the many mitwerkers who have assisted me in preparing this monograph; no more need be said, as all names will be mentioned in the course of the work. A journey to the Gold Coast and its results, in two volumes, which describe its wealth, must plead my excuse for the delay in bringing out the book. The manuscript was sent home from Lisbon in December 1881, but the 'tyranny of circumstance' has withheld it for nearly two years. RICHARD F. BURTON. Postscript. An afterthought suggests that it is only fair, both for readers and for myself, to own that sundry quotations have been borrowed at second-hand and that the work of verification, so rightly enjoined upon writers, has not always been possible. These blemishes are hardly to be avoided in a first edition. At Trieste, and other places distant from the great seats of civilisation, libraries of reference are unknown; and it is vain to seek for the original source. Indeed, Mr. James Fergusson once wrote to me that it was an overbold thing to undertake a History of the Sword under such circumstances. However, I made the best use of sundry visits to London and Paris, Berlin, Vienna, and other capitals, and did what I could to remedy defects. Lastly, the illustrations have not always, as they ought, been drawn to scale, they were borrowed from a number of volumes which paid scant attention to this requisite. LIST OF AUTHORITIES. Academy (The), a Weekly Review of Literature, Science, and Art. Agricola, De Re Metallica, First published in 1551. Akermann (J. Y.), Remains of Pagan Saxondom. London Smith, MDCCCLV. Amicis (Edoardo de), Marocco. Milan: Treves, 1876. Ammianus Marcellinus, Historian of the Lower Empire. Fourth century. Anderson (J. R.), Saint Mark's Rest: the Place of Dragons, edited by John Ruskin, LL.D. Allen Sunnyside, Orpington, Kent, 1879. Anderson (Joseph), Scotland in Early Christian Times. Rhind Lectures n Archæology for 1879. Edinburgh: Douglas, 1882. Anthropologia (London Anthropological Society. Established Jan. 22, 1873; first number, Oct. 1873; died after fifth number, July 1875.) Anthropological Institute (The Journal of). London: Trübner. Anthropological Review, Vol. I.-III. London: Trübner, 1863-65. Antiquaries of London (Society of), from the beginning in 1770 to 1883. Antiquities of Orissa, by Rajendralala Mitra, 2 vols. fol.; published by Government of India. Apuleius (A.D. 130). published by the Society of Antiquaries of Archæological Association, vol. iv., Weapons, &c., of Horn. Archæology (Transactions of the Society of Biblical), London: Longmans; beginning in 1872. Aristophanes. Aristotle, Meteorologica, &c. Arrian (Flavius), A.D. 90, Anabasis, &c. Athenæum (The), Journal of English and Foreign Literature, &c. Athenæus (A.D. 230), Deipnosophists. The Baker (Sir Samuel White), The Nile Tributaries. London: Macmillan, 1866. Albert Nyanza. London, 1868. Balthazar Ribello de Aragão; Viagens dos Portuguezes, Collecção de Documentos, por Luciano Cordeiro, Lisboa, Imprensa Nacional, 1881. The learned Editor is Secretary to the Royal Geographical Society of Lisbon. Barbosa (Duarte), A Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar, translated for the Hakluyt Society, London, by Honourable Henry E. (now Lord) Stanley, 1866. Written about A.D. 1512-14, and attributed by some to Magellan. Barth (Henry), Travels, &c., in Central Africa 1849-1855; 5 vols., 8vo. London: Longmans, 1875. Paris, Barthélemy (Abbé J. J.), Voyage du Jeune Anacharsis en Grèce, &c., 5 vols. 4to. 1788. Bataillard (Paul) On Gypsies and other Matters Société Anthropologique de Paris, 1874. Beckmann (John), A History of Inventions, Discoveries, and Origins, translated by W. Johnston. London: Bell and Daldy, 1872 (fourth edition, revised). It is a useful book of reference and wants only a few additions. Berosus (B.C. 261), Fragments, edit. Müller. Bollaert (William), Antiquarian, Ethnological, and other Researches. London: Trübner, 1860. Bologna, Congrès d'Archéologie et d'Anthropologie Préhistoriques, Session de Bologna, 1 vol. 8vo. Fava and Garagnani: Bologna, 1871. Bonnycastle (Captain R. H., of the Royal Engineers), Spanish America, &c. Philadelphia : A. Small, 1817. Borlase (William), Observations on the Antiquities, &c., of the County of Cornwall. Oxford, 1754. Boscawen (W. St. Chad), Papers in Society of Biblical Archæology. Boutell (Charles), Arms and Armour. London, 1867. Brewster (Sir David), Letters on Natural Magic, 12mo. London, 1833. Brugsch (Heinrich), A History of Egypt under the Pharaohs, &c., by Henry Brugsch-Bey (now Pasha). Translated from the German by the late Henry Danby Seymour; completed and edited by Philip Smith, 2 vols. 8vo. London: Murray, 1879. The first part has been published in French, Leipzig, 1859. The archaistic German style of Geschichte Aegypten's is very difficult. Bulletin de l'Institut Egyptien. Cairo: Mourès, 1882. Bunsen (Baron C. C. J.), Egypt's Place in Universal History, &c., with additions by Samuel Birch, LL.D., 5 vols. 8vo. London: Longmans, 1867. Burnouf (Émile), Essai sur le Veda, ou Études sur les Religions, &c., de l'Inde, I vol. 8vo., 1863. L'Age de Bronze,' Revue des deux Mondes, July 15, 1877. Burton (R. F.), A Complete System of Bayonet Cameron (Commander Verney Lovett, C.B., Caylus (Comte de), Recueil d'Antiquités Égypt iennes, &c., 8 vols. 4to. Paris, 1752-70. Celsus (A. Cornelius), De Medicina, edit. princeps. Florentiæ, a Nicolao impressus, A.D. 1478. Chabas, Études sur l'Antiquité Historique d'après les sources Egyptiennes, 1872. Chaillu (Paul B. du), Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa, &c. London: Murray, 1861. The Gorilla-book. Chapman (Captain George), Foil Practice, with a Review of the Art of Fencing. London: Clowes, 1861. Clapperton (Captain H.), Journal of a Second Expedition into Africa, 1 vol. 4to. London, 1829. Clermont-Ganneau (Charles), Horus et Saint George, &c. Extrait de la Revue Archéologique, Dec. 1877. Paris: Didier et Cie. The author is a prolific writer and a highly distinguished Orientalist. Cochet (Jean Benoît Désiré, Abbé), Le Tombeau de Childeric I., Roi des Francs. Restitué à l'aide de l'archéologie et des découvertes récentes, 8vo. Paris: 1859. Cole (Lieutenant H. H., of the Royal Engineers), Catalogue of Indian Art in the South Kensington Museum. Illustrations of Ancient Buildings in Kashmir, prepared under the authority of the Secretary of State for India from photographs, plans, and drawings taken by order of the Government of India. London, 1869. 4to. The Architecture of Ancient Delhi, especially the buildings around the Kutb Minar, fol. London, 1872. Cooper (Rev. Basil H.), The Antiquity and the Use of Metals and especially Iron, among the Egyptians, Transac. Devonshire Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, 1868. Cory (Isaac Preston), Ancient Fragments of the Phænician, Chaldæan, Egyptian, Tyrian, Carthaginian, and other writers, 8vo. London, 1832. Very rare. New edit. Reeves and Turner: London, 1876. Crawfurd (John), On the Sources of the Supply of Tin for the Bronze Tools and Weapons of Antiquity, Trans. Ethnol. Soc., N.S., vol. iii. 1865. Cunningham (General A.), The Bhilsa Topes, &c., 8vo. London, 1854. Ládak, &c., royal 8vo. London, 1854. Archæological Survey of India, 6 vols. 8vo. Simla, 187178. Czoernig (Baron Carl von), jun. Ueber die vorhistorischen Funde im Laibacher Torfmoor. Alpine Soc. of Trieste, Dec. 8, 1875. Daniel (Père Gabriel), Histoire de la Milice Françoise, et des Changemens qui s'y sont faits, depuis l'établissement de la Monarchie Françoise dans les Gaules, jusqu'à la fin du Régne de Louis le Grand, 7 vols. 8vo. À Amsterdam; au dépens de la Compagnie (de Jésus), MDCCXXIV. It is a standard work as far as it goes. Davis (Sir John F.), The Chinese: a general Description of the Empire of China and its Inhabitants, 2 vols. 8vo. London: Knight, Day (St. John Vincent), The Prehistoric Use of Iron and Steel. London: Trübner, 1877. When sending me a copy of his learned and original study, Mr. Day wrote to me that he is bringing out a second edition, in which his collection of additional matter will modify and correct certain of his former views.' Demmin (Auguste), Illustrated History of Arms and Armour, translated by C. C. Black, M.A. London: Bell, 1877. The illustrations leave much to be desired; the Oriental notices are deficient, and the translator has made them worse. Otherwise the book gives a fair general and superficial view. Denham (Major Dixon), Clapperton and Oudney's Travels in Northern and Central Africa, in 1822-24, 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1826. Deschmann und Hochstetter, Prähistorische An siedlungen, &c., in Krain. Laybach, 1879. Desor (Edouard), Les Palafittes, ou Construc tions lacustres du lac de Neuchâtel. Paris, 1865. Die Pfahlbauten des Neuenberger Sees. Frankfurt a. M., 1866. Desor et Favre, Le Bel Age du Bronze lacustre en Suisse, 1 vol. fol. Neufchâtel, 1874. Diodorus Siculus (B.C. 44), Bibliotheca Historica, P. Wesselingius, 2 vols. fol. Amstelod., 1746. Dion Cassius (nat. A.D. 155). Omnia, J. J. Reiske, 6 vols. 8vo. Lipsiæ, Dodwell (Edward), A Classical and Topographical Tour through Greece, 1801–6, 2 vols. 4to. London, 1819. Douglas (Rev. James, F.A.S.), Nania Britan Edkins (Rev. Dr.) China's Place in Philology: an Attempt to show that the Languages of Europe and Asia have a Common Origin. London, I vol. 8vo., 1871. Ellis (Rev. William), Polynesian Researches. London: Murray, 1858. Elphinstone, History of India, 2 vols. 8vo. 1841. Encyclopædia Britannica. Penny (one of the best). Engel (W. H.), Kypros: eine Monographie. 2 vols. 8vo. Berlin: Reimer, 1841. Ethnological Society of London (Journal of) 7 vols. 8vo. 1848-65. Eusebius (Bishop of Cæsarea, A.D. 264-340), Historia Ecclesiastica Libri Decem; denuo edidit F. A. Heinichen, 3 vols. 8vo. Lipsia, 1868. Evans (Dr. John), The Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain, I vol. 8vo. London: Longmans, 1872. The Ancient Implements of Great Britain and Ireland, ibid. 1881. Both works are admirably well studied and exhaust the subjects as far as they are now known. Ewbank (Thomas), Life in Brazil, 1 vol. 8vo. New York, 1856; London: Sampson Low and Co., 1856. The Appendix is anthropologically valuable. Fairholt (F. W.), A Dictionary of Terms of Art, I vol. 12mo. Virtue and Hall, London, 1849. Farrar (Canon), Life, &c., of Saint Paul. Cassell and Co.: London, Paris, and New York (undated). Ferguson (Sir James), Transactions of the Irish Association. Fergusson (James), A History of Architecture, 4 vols. 8vo. London, 1874-76. Festus (Sextus Pompeius), De Verborum Significatione, K. O. Müller. Lipsiæ, 1839. The Grammarian lived between A.D. 100 (Martial's day) and A.D. 422 (under Theodosius II.). Ficke, Wörterbuch der Indo-germanischen Grundsprache, &c. Göttingen, 1868. Florus (Annæus: temp. Trajan), Rerum Romanarum libri IV., Delphin edit., 2 vols., 8vo Londini, 1822. Fox (A. Lane-, now Major-General A. PittRivers). This distinguished student of Anthropology, who ranks foremost in the knowledge of early weapons, happily applied the idea of evolution, development, and progress to his extensive collection, the work of some thirty years. To show the successive steps he grouped his objects according to their forms and uses, beginning with the simplest; and to each class he appended an ideal type, towards which the primitive races were ever advancing, making innumerable mistakes, in some cases even retrograding, but on the whole attaining a higher plane. The papers from which I have quoted, often word for word, in my first chapters, are (1)‘Primitive Warfare,' sect. i., read on June 28, 1867 (pp. 1-35, with five plates), and Sect. ii., 'On the Resemblance of the Weapons of Early Races, their Variations, Continuity, and Development of Form,' read on June 5, 1868 (pp. 1-42, with eight diagrams); and (2) 'Catalogue of the Anthropological Collection lent for Exhibition in the Bethnal Green Branch of the South Kensington Museum, with (131) Illustrations;' pt. I. and II. (III. and IV. to be published hereafter), 1874, &c., 8vo., pp. 1–184. The collection, then containing some 14,000 objects, left Bethnal Green for the Western Galleries of the Museum in South Kensington. After a long sojourn there it was offered to the public; but England, unlike France, Germany, and Italy, has scant appreciation of anthropological study. At length it was presented to the University of Oxford, where a special building will be devoted to its worthy reception. I have taken the liberty of suggesting to General PittRivers that he owes the public not only the last two parts of his work, but also a folio edition with coloured illustrations of the humble 'Catalogue.' Genthe (Dr. Hermann), a paper on 'Etruscan Commerce with the North,' Archiv für Gladstone (Right Hon. W. E.), Juventus Mundi, Goguet (Antoine Yves), De l'Origine des Lois, des Arts, et des Sciences, et de leur progrès chez les anciens peuples (par A. Y. G., aidé par Alex. Conr. Fugère), 3 vols., plates, 4to. Paris, 1758. Numerous editions and translations. Goguet (M. de), The Origin of Laws, Arts, and Sciences, and their progress among the most Ancient Nations. English translation by Thompson, 3 vols., plates, 8vo. Edinburgh, 1761. Gozzadini (Senator Count Giovanni), Di un antico sepolcro a Ceretolo nel Bolognese. Modena Vincenzi, 1872. The author has taken a distinguished place in antiquarian anthropology by his various and valuable studies of Etruscan remains found in and around Felsina, now Bologna. I have ventured upon suggesting to him that these detached papers, mostly printed by Fava, Garagnani, and Co., of Bologna, should be collected and published in a handy form for the benefit of students. Graah (Captain W. A.), Narrative of an Expedition to the Eastern Coast of Greenland, &c. Translated from the Danish (Copenhagen, 1832) by C. Gordon Macdougall, 8vo. London, 1837. Grant (Captain, now Colonel, James A.), A Walk across Africa, or Domestic Scenes from my Nile Journal. Blackwoods: Edinburgh, MDCCCLXIV. Grose (Captain Francis), Military Antiquities respecting the History of the British Army. From the Conquest to the Present Time. A new edition with material additions and improvements, 2 vols. 8vo. London, printed for T. Egerton, Whitehall; and G. Kearsley, Fleet Street, 1801. The first edition appeared in 1786, and the learned author died (æt. 52) of apoplexy at Dublin, May 12, 1791. Grote (George), History of Greece, 12 vols. 8vo. 1846-56. Guthrie (Mrs.), My Year in an Indian Fort. Hurst and Blackett: London, 1877. Hamilton (Will. J.), Researches in Asia Minor, Pontus, and Armenia, &c., 2 vols. 8vo. London: Murray, 1842. Hanbury (Daniel), Science Papers, &c., edited with Memoir by Joseph Ince, 1 vol. 8vo. London, 1876. Heath (Rev. Dunbar Isidore), Exodus Papyri, 8vo. London, 1855. Phænician Inscriptions. London, Quaritch, 1873. "Hittite Inscriptions,' Fourn. Anthrop. Institute, May, 1880. Herodotus, Rawlinson's, 4 vols. Murray, 1858. This valuable work wants a second edition revised. Herrera (Antonio, chief chronicler of the Indies), Historia Geral, &c., VIII. Decads, 4 vols. folio. Madrid, 1601. Hesiod, Opera et Dies; Scutum, &c. Poetæ |