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Dutch do not perpetuate their race at Batavia; and "thus it is not demonstrated that the sterility of the Lipplappen is the result of their hybridity." "But," says M. Broca, "if the defective fecundity of the Lipplappen of Java is due to the deleterious influence of climate, it is very difficult to attribute the great prolifickness of the MalayChinese to the benignity of the same climate." We see no difficulty in this at all. The climate which is deleterious to the European may not be so to the Chinese. As the latter do not bring their own women with them, we cannot tell, by direct evidence, that they would be as prolific as at home, contrary to what we have just seen to be the case with the Dutch. But so far as the facts can be a guide, it is fairer to say that the prolificacy of the Malay-Chinese rather shows the climate to be not unhealthy for the latter, than that the comparative paucity of Chinese is the reason why their Mulattoes thrive in some of the islands of the Indian Archipelago. And "the more eastern islands, where the Malay-Chinese do not thrive, are more unhealthy than Java." This, again, is in favour of the theory, that climatic influences are more at the bottom of a sceming want of prolificacy, than any immediate cause affecting generation itself.

The opinion of Dr. Bowring with respect to the hybrids of Malasia seems quite opposed to that of M. Broca. "A middle race," says he, "such as China contributes in the shape of emigrating millions, is wonderfully advancing the work of civilisation. The mestizo descendants of Chinese fathers and Indian mothers form incomparably the most promising portion of the Philippine population.* ... The mestizos, or mixed races, form a numerous and influential portion of the Filipinos. The highest society is seldom without a large proportion of mestiza ladies, children of Spanish fathers and native mothers. The great majority of the merchants and landed proprietors belong to this class, and most of the subordinate offices of government are filled by them. There are very many descendants of Chinese by native women; but the paternal type seems so to absorb the maternal, that the children for whole generations bear the strongly marked character which distinguishes the genuine native of the Flowery Land, even through a succession of Indian mothers. De Mas speaks in the highest terms of the mestizos of Chinese or Mongolian descent. . . . There can be no doubt that the predominance of the characteristics of the father over those of the mother has improved, through successive generations, the general character of the race of mestizo-Chinese. The children of a Spanish mestizo, by a Chinese mestiza, are called Torna atras-Going back; those of a Chinese mestizo by an Indian woman are considered as Chinese, and

Bowring (Sir J.), " A Visit to the Philippine Islands," p. 109. London, 1839.

not Indian half-castes. The mingling of Chinese blood is observable in all the town populations."*

The two most disparate branches of the human family are pronounced by M. Broca to be the Anglo-Saxons and the Andamenes generally; under which name are understood to be comprised the Australians, Tasmanians, and all the blacks with woolly hair of Melanesia and Malasia. And he states that, according to the accounts of most authors, the Mulattoes of Australian and English are exceedingly rare; so much so, that their very existence has been denied. Hence one of his results is formulated as follows: "8. That the lowest degree of human hybridity, in which the homœogenesis is so feeble as to render the fecundity of the first crossing uncertain, is exhibited in the most disparate crossings between one of the most elevated and the two lowest races of humanity."

The evidence brought forward to support this conclusion occupies about fifteen pages, or nearly one quarter of M. Broca's book. We may therefore assume that, even in his own opinion, this point is of great importance for him to prove. If his authorities are at fault, or

subsequent investigations produce different results, it would seem difficult to attach much importance to the remaining portions of his argument, except so far as the proofs go which he has collected of the instances in which different races are undoubtedly eugenesic.

The authorities themselves are at once purely negative; and as the information of travellers must have been derived from the colonists of Australia and Tasmania, they are entirely dependent upon the feelings and prejudices of those colonists. To Englishmen, who were accustomed not many years ago to shoot down the "blacks" as if they were animals, any inquiries respecting their children would. seem very superfluous. And the easiest way of warding off any unpleasant investigations as to what became of the half-breeds, would be to assert that such never came to anything. This element in the value of the information adduced by M. Broca does not seem to be taken into account by him. It may, however, be said that a very different tone now prevails in dealing with these aborigines; and consequently, that if any such Mulattoes are born, we ought to hear something of them. But in his Treatise on the Races of Man, published in 1859, M. Omalius d'Halloy still finds himself enabled to say: "It is remarkable that, though a considerable number of Europeans now inhabit the same country as the Andamenes, no mention is made of the existence of hybrids resulting from their union." This might seem conclusive. But singularly enough, almost at the very moment that the volume of M. Broca was being given to the English public,

Ib., p. 113, et seq.

in a debate of the Anthropological Society of Paris, an exactly opposite assertion has been made with every appearance of being well-founded. "Finally, M. Dally brings forward, always without proofs, the almost perfect infecundity of the Anglo-Saxon with the Australian and Tasmanian female; and that proposition is asserted in 1863, just when the Australian newspapers are taking notice of entire populations of these half-breeds in the islands of Bass's Straits; half-breeds whom these newspapers praise most highly from the triple point of a physical, moral, and intellectual view."*

Here issue is fairly joined on this interesting question; and we cannot suppose that there will be much difficulty in ascertaining on which side the truth lies. Should the assertion of M. Boudin be correct, the views of M. Broca must necessarily be very much modified.

Meanwhile, it is very remarkable that he should make no mention at all of the well-known case of the Pitcairn islanders. A more authentic instance of a cross-breed between Englishmen and Polynesians, and their descendants, can never occur; and we will conclude our remarks on M. Broca, by extracting the latest account of them from the Cruise of the Fawn, leaving our readers to draw their own conclusions.

"Nine Englishmen, six Otaheite men, and twelve Otaheite women, arrived at the little island of Pitcairn shortly after the mutiny of the Bounty in 1790. All the men, except two Englishmen, had destroyed each other by 1799; and in that year one of the remaining Englishmen died also.

"The mixed progeny of Englishmen and Otaheitans had increased, in 1831, to eighty-five, and they had some difficulty in finding means of subsistence on the island. They were, therefore, all removed at their own request to Tahiti. But after a residence there of nine months, being disgusted with the levity and low morality of their Tahitian friends and relatives, and having lost twelve of their number by fever, they returned to Pitcairn.

"Their numbers began again to increase so fast, that in 1855 they petitioned the British government to grant them Norfolk Island for their own; and in 1856 they were removed thither.

"Two families have already returned, consisting chiefly of young girls. One of the matrons told me her husband had promised that four or five of his boys should go down by-and-bye to marry their cousins, for all are more or less nearly related. Uncles and aunts are seen carried about in the arms of their nephews and nieces, and it will be a difficult matter, by-and-bye, for the genealogist of Norfolk Island to make out a correct family tree. The women, it seems, have numerous families, and the number of marriageable females considerably exceeds that of the young men; so there are now somewhere

* Bulletins de la Soc. d'Anthrop. de Paris, tom. iv, p. 681.

about twenty doomed to celibacy, for no one is allowed to land upon the island without the approbation of the acting magistrate, and the consent of the governor.

"They have inherited a love of dancing from their Otaheitan mothers."*

THOUGHTS AND FACTS CONTRIBUTING TO THE HISTORY OF MAN.

1. UNITY in Nature, and Uniformity in its Modes of Development. 11. Analogy in the Progressive Development of Man and Nature. III. Analogy in the Progressive Development of the Individual Man and Nations.

IV. The Order of Nature is Progressive Development through Successive Stages.

v. The Stages of Development in Man and Nature are Rise, Progress, Maturity, Decline, and Decay.

VI. Adaptation in Nature of Everything to its Position in the World. In the universe, from the larva of the butterfly, through man, to the entire system of the universe, all is progress through successive stages of development.

Progress through successive stages of development is the order (Kooμos) through which all things must of necessity move.

The progress which I would speak of here, is not progress as usually understood, progress in a straight line, it is progress in a circle; starting from a point, it comes back to the same point again.

In every species of development there is a culminating period, when every development reaches its highest point of perfection and fulness, which is manifested at the period of its existence by the beauty and perfection which the development attains to at that period.

It is the inevitable law of all developments, the tendency of all things after having reached maturity, to decline and to decay. Man and nations, art and nature, are equally subject to this law.

There is an expression used by a Greek philosopher, κυκλος ανάγκης. It is a law of necessity that all things move in a circle. It is the law of development that all things have a rise, progress, maturity, decline, and decay; all things moving through their cycle of progressive development. The different geological ages are but cycles of development; the various extinct fossil animals are evidences of beings run

* Hood's "Cruise of H.M.S. Fawn in 1862." London, 1863.

ning through their cycles of development, and ultimately dying out. Man himself has his cycle of development. The seasons undergo their changes in cycles. The earth and planets move in circles; the eclipses of the moon recur in a periodical cycle. By the precession of the equinoxes, the whole of the equator moves round that of the ecliptic, employing a period or cycle of no less than 25,868 years. According to Sir William Herschel, the sun itself, with the whole solar system, is performing a cycle, moving through space at the rate of 150 millions of miles a year.

The history of nations and peoples is but a history of developments, each people having its cycle of development.

As the laws which govern the planets in their course are modified by disturbing forces, so the laws of development are modified by climate, species, race, position in the world.

There is a distinct and separate development for man considered as the individual man, for man in the aggregate as a people, for man considered as the human race. The development of the individual man rarely ever exceeds the limits of one hundred years; of man as a people, seldom exceeds one thousand. To the development of the human race we can affix no period of limitation; but, considering that the world is now almost entirely discovered and peopled, and that there is no spot on the earth where there is any likelihood of another people arising and developing itself into a great nation, we may say that the development of the human race has reached its culminating point, and is now on the wane.

The great scheme of nature is a system of gradation and subordination one to another. From the trilobite, which is the earliest form of life, to man, all is gradation from a lower to a higher and more perfect form of organisation.

In the laws of development there are no sudden leaps, each stage must form a stepping stone to the next stage. In the development of the laws of nature and science, each truth is the result of a former truth; each fact is a stepping-stone to the solution of another fact; each thought is the germ of another thought. There is a sequence in all things; one thing grows out of or is evolved from another.

As it gives us a high idea of the skill and ingenuity of a watchmaker when he makes a watch which will go on for years without there being any further need of having recourse to his skill and interference, so it ought to give us a lofty conception of a Deity, who has created a world whose system can proceed onwards by the government and development of his laws alone. And as it would prove want of skill and ingenuity in a watchmaker, who should make a watch which would frequently require his aid, so a constant interposition of

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