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It is undoubtedly evident by the above that the author is governed by other principles than those which actuate the majority of anthropologists. We extract our author's definition of his anthropine alliance.

"This contains but one order, that of man; and this order contains but one family. There are several varieties of the animal or physical man, and that is all we have to consider in arranging the different alliances of the mammalian class. Man as an animal is one thing, man as a human being is another. There are but few races of the bimanal series that have yet been somewhat developed as rational and social beings. As a vertebrate animal, man is distinguished by a very slight diversity of form compared with that of the anthropoïd ape, the dog, the bear, or the pig; but as a moral being he is quite distinct, whenever he attains to the dignity of that estate. It is not, however, as a human being we have now to deal with the bimanal type, but as an order of peculiar structure in the mammalian class. We have had elsewhere to deal with man as the head of the creation.

"In organic parallels of structure man claims the highest place in the development of brain and nerves. The natural divisions of the nervous system, therefore, should be those of the human races in a purely physical point of view. The nervous system may be variously subdivided, according to the regional distribution or the functional uses of the different parts. In form and function nerves resemble telegraphic wires, communicating some kind of radiatory influence from the body to the mind, and from the mind to every part of the body; and hence they have been classed as sensor and motor nerves. This gives us only two distinctions.

"Conductor nerves, sensor and motor, are composed of a soft, white substance terminating in the cerebrospinal centres, and in the peripheral or ganglionic extremities, amidst a gelatinous vesicular grey substance which seems to be the articular or connecting medium between the physical substance of the body and the supersensuous forces of the soul. The distinction of nervous matter, then, into white and grey substances, gives us another twofold distinction. It seems to be as difficult to find complexity of form and structure in the nervous system as in the races of mankind. In either case the whole system or alliance would appear to consist of one order only or one series; and yet the nerves communicate with every part of the body, influencing it in a peculiar manner, according to the difference of function in each tissue and organ. The races of mankind are also very much diversified in minor points of form and feature, though very faintly marked in varieties of organic structure. Differences of colour and complexion are numerous but insignificant, and other diversities of race are hardly more important."

The new feature of Dr. Doherty's work may, however, be chiefly indicated as the introduction of the novel, elegant, and classical epithet "realmological" as applied to classification; and the copious use of such terms as "altero-pluvial," and similar words. Our author's classical knowledge is thus indicated.

"It would be difficult, however, to form perfectly appropriate names for any one family or series, exceptions being numerous in every group of common forms and features; and even where anomalous forms are fewer in proportion, the names would be a difficulty. Greek or Latin words alone, simple or compound, would be unfamiliar [to whom?]. Greek and Latin hybrid compounds would be more or less objectionable."

Apparently, however, he has no objection to the frequent employ. ment of hybrid compounds which are neither Greek nor Latin, but also include a judicious mixture of the "vulgar tongue."

If man may plead with Dr. Doherty against his intercalation between horse and kangaroo, the poor pigs have still less reason to be pleased. We are gravely told, ex cathedrá, "elephants are quite distinct from tapirs, and these again from trunkless swine, such as the pig, the hippopotamus, and the rhinoceros." Having failed to appreciate the sense in which the rhinoceros can be said to be a "trunkless swine," we cannot here participate in the indulgence which, on his 145th page, he accords to scientific men. He deems the quadripartite arrangement of lemurida "legitimate and natural; and here, again, we agree with men of eminence in this particular branch of science." A desire not to participate in the marvellous and unaccustomed sensations of those "men of eminence" who may accord in Dr. Doherty's opinions induces us to congratulate him most cordially on the new and appropriate version of the nursery rhyme he has not thought it beneath him to pen on his 100th page:

"Industrial work I love to shirk,
"Art-work is just as bad,

"The moral law doth puzzle me,
"And science drives me mad."

It is very lamentable to see the paths of natural scientific study thus departed from. It is grievous to be amongst the pioneers of a science which as yet is visited with the crop of self-called "reasoners," each proceeding along his own method of deductive argument, and the labours of each resulting in a blurred mind-picture of the true objects of science. The true scientific success of a nation will never be advanced by such misuse of those faculties for which man is responsible; and, even indirectly, will never be assisted by the puny endeavours of the transcendentalist.

C. C. B.

217

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF PARIS.*

In the concluding number of the fourth volume of the l'aris society's Transactions, we have an extremely interesting analysis, by Dr. D. Lubach of Haarlem, of his work upon the inhabitants of the Netherlands, or at least upon that part of it which relates to their anthropology. Dr. Lubach considers that, before the arrival of the Germanic races, the primitive inhabitants of the Netherlands belonged to the race by which Germany itself was originally peopled. He says that the primitive stone monuments known here under the name of Hünebedden are precisely similar to the Hünebetter and Riesengräber of the north-west of Germany, and to the Jettegrafvar and Steenhamner of Scandinavia; and that the arms and other stone objects found in all these are similar. But whereas, with these objects, in Germany have been found skulls belonging to this primitive population, and entirely differing in form from the German type, in the Netherlands it appears that the objects of art alone have been preserved; whilst, unfortunately for anthropological science, any human remains that may have been discovered have been cast aside as worthless, and irrecoverably lost. Notwithstanding this want of data, Dr. Lubach affirms that the aboriginal inhabitants of the Netherlands are brachycephalic, short or of middle height, and probably with black hair and eyes, resembling more or less the primitive people of Scandinavia, and forming an intermediate race between these and the Gauls. To this original race succeeded immediately the Germanic races. In the time of the Romans, a chain of Germanic peoples extended along the shores of the North Sea. Of all these peoples, except the Menapii of Zealand and Flanders, the Frisons were the only ones who dwelt in the Netherlands. If we consider the Menapii as belonging to the same group as the Frisons, then the chain of Cimbro-Menapian tribes was interrupted, between the Rhine and the Saal, by two Germanic peoples, which had come, during the historic period, from the heart of Germany. These were the Batavii and Caninefates, tribes which had originated in Hesse. Then the Chamavii, the Salii, the Tubantes, the Toxandri went to complete the population at the time of the Roman domination. The Franks and Salii made their appearance probably about the middle of the fourth century, and the Saxon towards the end. In the time of the emperor Julian, the Batavians,

Bulletins de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris, vol. iv, 4eme Fascicule, Sept. to Dec., 1863; vol. v, ler Fascicule, Jan. to March, 1864.

VOL. II.-NO. VI.

whose name only remains as the name of their island, formed a portion of the Frank confederacy. From Batavia and the north of Belgium the Salian Franks gradually extended their dominion towards the south. At last, their king, Hlodwig (Clovis), having become chief of all the Frank tribes, conquered a great part of the Gauls, and established the Merovingian dynasty.

The Frisons took a considerable part in the invasion of Great Britain by the Saxons towards the end of the fifth century. Several English ethnologists believe that the county of Kent was principally peopled by the Frisons. During the struggle between the Frank and Saxon kings, which commenced in the sixth century and lasted more than three hundred years, the Frisons formed a portion of the Saxon league. After their conversion, by the English missionaries, to Christianity, however, being subjected to persecution by their pagan kings or chiefs, they became dissatisfied with their government; and in 775 they agreed to be incorporated in the Frank empire. The important ethnological division of the Netherlands into Frisons, Saxons, and Franks dates from this time. After tracing at considerable length the various modifications, re-divisions, and changes of locality of these peoples, and describing their peculiar characteristics, Dr. Lubach proceeds to describe the characters of the skulls of the different races. The Frison skull presents, according to his description, a strongly-marked dolichocephalic form, a high forehead, the occiput very prominent by the development of the tuber occipitalis externus, as is also seen in the majority of Scandinavian skulls; vertex cranii depressed and slightly arched; facial angle rather large; nasal bones ordinarily large and prominent; lower jaw generally high; chin much produced, but rather retrocedent. The characters of the undoubtedly non-Frisic skulls which he had seen are the following: antero-posterior diameter shorter; transverse diameter, or the contrary, longer than in the Frisons; zygomatic arch larger and more arcuated; inion slightly or not at all prominent; the curved line between the root of the nasal bones and the foramen magnum, which he terms the cranial arch, more highly vaulted than in the Frisian skulls. All the head has a more globular, and often a more squared form. The facial angle of these skulls does not differ from those of the Frisians; but the face is shorter and broader, which is partly at least due to the less height of the lower jaw and the greater prominence of the zygomatic bones.

The next paper, upon the Mincopies, or inhabitants of the Andaman Islands, by M. Broca, is to a certain extent a résumé of Professor Owen's paper, read before the British Association in 1861, and with which our readers are doubtless already familiar. M. Broca adds, however, some most valuable critical observations.

It appears that the Société d'Anthropologie de Paris resolved, some time ago, to publish a coloured plate shewing the principal types of colour of the human hair, skin, and eyes, arranged in a systematic gradation of shades and accompanied by numbers referring to and explaining the different tints. Upon the completion of the third portion of this work, viz., that shewing the different tints of the eye, M. Broca read a very interesting paper, shewing how the information he has supplied has been arrived at.

The first difficulty which M. Broca had to contend with, was the rendering, by a single tint, the variety of shades to be found in different portions of the iris. The shade required was the medium shade, or mean quantity of colouring matter to be found distributed in the various shades of the iris. This was only to be obtained by placing the eye at such a distance that all the partial tints became confounded or united in a single colour. The delicacy required in this operation. may be readily imagined. The most embarrassing point, says M. Broca, was the choice of the types of which the table should be composed. There is a certain number of colours which are very frequently met with; others are more rare, but must still necessarily be represented; there are even rare shades which are most difficult to characterise by description, and which it is consequently more important to place before the eyes of travellers as points of comparison. M. Broca commenced by reproducing, after nature, the most common colours, and found that they could be arranged in a small number of natural groups, each of which included all the fundamentally similar colours, or darker or lighter tints of the same colours. The colours were arranged upon the principle of M. Chevreul (who shewed that every colour leads from black to white by imperceptible gradations), each commencing with the deepest and leading down to the lightest shade. The first table composed consisted of three series, each consisting of four or five shades. In order to elaborate this, M. Broca availed himself of the assistance of Dr. Siebel and of M. Boissonneau fils, the first of whom supplied him with a number of paintings in water-colours of various coloured eyes, which enabled him to make what would appear to be a complete table of the different colours of eyes to be found amongst the population of Paris. The information obtained from M. Boissonneau was, if not more valuable, at all events much more varied. That gentleman has carried the art of manufacturing artificial eyes to the greatest possible perfection, and has consequently obtained for himself a clientelle in all parts of the world. As each artificial eye has to be made either from minute inspection or from an accurate painting of the natural one with which it is to correspond, and as M. Boissonneau always causes duplicate specimens of

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