colour." (P. 47.) I do not believe in a pure black Jew; in Aden, surrounded by a swarthy population, the very old Hebrew colony is light haired and fair skinned, as in Syria. (P. 48.) The Arabs of Yemen are often black; they have mixed for centuries with Africans, preferring black women as cooler in summer, and yellow women in winter, and are at present quasi-mulattoes. The straight Grecianlike noses in Yemen, came, I believe, from the Abyssinians, their old governors. There is a curious case of hereditary transmission (p. 85,) in El Yemen. The Shaykhs of the great Fazli tribe have invariably six fingers. So in Persia, if a Sayyid child—a descendant of the Prophet -be born without the upper eyelids being pink, it is not believed to be legitimate. This does not rest upon the old woman's fancy in England, that the face of the infant a few moments after its birth must express who is its father-which it does not.

(P. 51.) The Brinjari (not Bengari) is a low caste, the Rajput is the highest military caste in India, children of the Sun and children of the Moon. I regret to see Dr. Waitz quoting the "Erdkunde,” Ritter's observation (p. 332) that the Oriental, and especially the Arab, is deficient in the perception of the beauties of nature, which distinguishes the European, is simply absurd. The Golden Poem of Lebid, an Arabic Deserted Village, is the most effective piece of the kind ever written, and it borrows all its interest from nature, happily, Prof. Waitz (loc. cit.) somewhat endorses the opin on of the Erdkunde, by remarking that, among the "peoples of the South the sense for the really beautiful, for calm contemplation of the beauties of nature, is very defective." Let him read H. H. Wilson's Hindù Drama.

Un

(P. 56.) The influence of climate upon character, so far from being exaggerated, has, I think, been greatly fined down. The Coast Negro is degraded by climate not isolated by the sea. (P. 341.) The African of the interior is a better man, because living in a purer atmosphere. Who can travel even through Northern Europe and not remark the excessive action of the organs of nutrition, the fondness for animal food, and the love of strong liquors. In the South, again, men are temperate, somewhat indolent, and all their predilections are for women and gambling. Something of this kind is conceded in p. 339.

(P. 66.) It is only necessary to see the Barabara and to recognise the intermixture between the Semite and the Hamite. The author of Negroland of the Arabs can believe anything, even that El Islam can alter the Negro's features; the only thing he cannot believe-like the learned Vossius, in that point only-is the existence of African intertropical snow-mountains.

Dr. Waitz finds fault with Köler for ascribing to individuals of a Negro tribe the same diversity of features as amongst Europeans, because they are not a mixed tribe. But Köler speaks of Bonny, than which there is no tribe, not even the English, more mixed. Moreover, the theory is carried too far by Humboldt and his followers. In Africa, as in other parts of the world, there are people with tribal and others with individual physiognomy. Some confusion comes from the difficulty of an uninstructed eye in perceiving these differences, which to an habitué are most salient. The physiognomy of the Fernandian Islanders is not the same in all (p. 213). I will back my crew of seven Kru-men-a pure breed as any known-for diversity of stature, form, colour, and countenance, against any gig's white crew on the Coast of Africa. In p. 212, the Kru-men are spoken of as if not belonging to the Negro race, whereas they do; their "particularly well-shaped chins" retreat with the weakest of expression.

I would draw the attention of anthropologists to the brown accident of Negro (quoted from Lander, p. 86); I have seen these men amongst very dark tribes, as the Batanga, and even amongst the Kru-men ; the features showing that there is no trace of European blood. To the unscientific observer it appears semi-Albinism.

I am puzzled to make out on what grounds (p. 93) Dr. Latham and Prof. Waitz (p. 208) limit the Negro region to between the Niger and Senegal and to a portion of Senaar, Kordofan, and Darfur-all the latter countries shewing a considerable Semitic innervation. About the mouth of the Niger, the Ibos and Ijos, for instance, are pure Negroes; already, on the Upper Niger, they begin to be modified; as is truly remarked by M. Müller (p. 221), "a rigid division of mankind is impossible." It is hardly possible to lay down the Negro habitat proper. Perhaps the nearest limits would be 10° N. and 10° S. The South African family reaches from the equator to Hottentotia, but near the line they are Negroes, near the Cape, Negroids. On the castern coast, the whole of that zone of 20° is occupied by African Mongols, who shew clear traces of Arab, Somal, and Galla blood, and who have in parts traditions of being sprung from Persian ancestry.

With respect to the shortness and flatness of the Negro occiput, this is found amongst several Negro tribes. I may especially notice the Kru-men, in whom the transition from the occiput to the back is normally flatter than in most Europeans, even the Germanic races. When travelling in the United States, 1860, I could almost always diagnostise Germanity by the excessive flatness of the occiput, and the vespertilian projection of the ears when viewed à tergo; shewing what the phrenologist would call a deficiency of philoprogenitiveness. The

small and globular forehead, with uneven and knotty surface (quoted p. 94 from Blumenbach), is not constant, and I have observed it to be more common amongst women than in men. Again, the voice of the Negroes (p. 95), is in some tribes notably dulcet and musical; in my visit to Haran I have remarked the contrast between the beauties of that organ and the coarseness of the external development. It is, methinks, the black colour which chiefly sets off the African's teeth (p. 95); amongst tobacco and ashes chewing tribes, they soon become rusty fangs. The tuftiness of the hair (p. 96) is sporadic; often in the same tribe you see the "pepper-grain" growth and the broad cast, as on our own scalps. The enormous wigs of hair amongst the Denakil and Somal, the women of the Gold Coast, and the lakes of Dahome, seem to preserve about the same parallel of latitude. In the two former the blood is pure, in the two latter the largest wigs are found amongst the mulattoes. The "Fans," an unmixed tribe, have hair hanging to the shoulders; so in Ugogo, and in other parts of Central Africa. I am not aware that the Negro's shin is more tender than the European's (p. 97), but his head is harder, which induces me to prefer the former for assault-in all races the shin is a sore point. Many Negroes will stand with crossed legs, so as to rest firmly upon the extreme inner edge of both feet, which I defy any one present to do, although it is practised by the goatherds of Teneriffe, who are distant cousins of the Moroccan Shilha. The size of the genitals is typical of the Negro (p. 98), especially when contrasted with the Arab; it is the same with their horses. But the Negro parts when turgescent do not fulfil their promise. The Negro aroma (p. 100) can be distinguished, I believe, amongst all the pure tribes, and even those, like the Comoro Islanders, slightly mixed. The Arabs of South Africa consider it a shibboleth, and it is at once possible to distinguish between a Somal who has it not, and a Meawahili or a Zanzibar man who has it. Of course, amongst a cleanly and hard-working people, like the Kru-men, it is less sensible, but it is there. Exertion of body brings it out, and mental emotion, as amongst ferrets; during, coition it is painfully developed. In Persia there is a peculiar name for the Jew smell, bui shimit. The incurving of the Negro's vertebral column (p. 105), is, I think, general, nor can it be attributed, as some have thought, to carrying burdens on the head.

The fatty cushions, or steatopyga, upon the glutei muscles, belong to almost all Negro tribes, but in women they are most remarkable, especially after the first child. In men they appear as rounded projections of the nates. The Somal are said to choose their wives by ranging them in line, and by picking her out who projects furthest

à tergo. Possibly it is a compensation for the long narrow African pelvis, and nothing can be more hateful to a Negro than a thin rumped woman; it is like a siccity or thinness in Spanish eyes.

With regard to the proportion of male to female births, I have attempted to prove in the City of the Saints, that in the polygynic community the female influence preponderating, there is a great excess of female births, that in polyandry (as Mr. Dunlop of the Bengal Civil Service has shown, by the E. Indian Hill Stations), boys are greatly in excess of girls, and that in monogamy the proportions, without being fixed, are nearly evenly balanced.

If Capt. Landolph (p. 113) during long travels on the African coast, saw only one deformed Negro, he did not call on the king of Dahomey, who has a male and a female troop of hunchbacks.

There is no "enormous power of abstinence (p. 116) displayed in living for a week on water and salt." I have lived for seven days on water without any great loss of strength or energy; in fact, till all the adipose tissues are absorbed, hunger has little effect on some constitutions. And almost all sound men, methinks, might be benefited by an occasional long fast-total abstinence.

In the "Lake Regions" I have alluded to clay eating; these Africans prefer earth of dry or bed termite-hills. I am told that in some of the rivers of the Bight of Biafra, the mud from the bottom is fished up and chewed.

Fernando Po (p. 130) must be omitted from the list of tropical places where the European can neither live nor be acclimatised. The Spanish authorities have established a hospital and a sanitary station at Sta. Cecilia, about three miles and a half distant from Sta. Isabel, the lower town, and the result is admirable. The men go about all day in the thinnest of caps, and none but the mildest fevers are known. When-ah, when !-shall we follow their example?

It is not everywhere that the Negro enjoys better health in the rains (p. 133); at Fernando Po he dies of rheumatism, quinsey, etc., and it is fast becoming the opinion, that the rains, like the "dries," are not the deadly seasons in Africa, the worst periods being about the equinoxes, when changes of weather set in. I have no fear of travelling, even in West Africa, during the rains, and I spent the greater part of 1862 in so doing, by boat and on foot. Annabom is not rightly mentioned amongst the rainy places; the little volcano is exceptionally dry, and, I should say, salubrious.

(P. 134.) Not having visited the Fezzan, I cannot speak with authority. But if an Arab said to me, "I trust you don't feel cold (bárid),” he would be using an euphemistical term for "aguish," "feverish."

(P. 135.) The absence of R is by no means constant in Negro or

in South African languages; very few of them, however, have an R and an L equally well articulated, "and the presence of one generally argues the absence of the other." "Lallation," as it is called, is a rule in Africa rather than an exception.

(P. 137.) I am by no means of opinion that the civilised man is inferior to the savage in the perfection of the senses. Tracking is often quoted as an instance, and the local memory of savages is remembered. But the simple reason is, that the savage applies al his attention; the civilised, having other things to attend do, does not. Every sense can be sharpened by practice; but practice is rare in city communities. The English soldier can hardly see in the dark, because he is not accustomed to night work. Morever, we overwork our senses, as of sight,-by reading, and by using instruments. The power of smell is great in the Bedouin, because he lives in the purest air; it would be blunted by a few years in Cairo.

(P. 142.) I can make nothing of the strange assertion, that children born in Bonny Town remain blind ten days after birth. Many traders have seen babes very shortly after entering this world, and find their optics as wide awake as those of their parents, which is saying not a little. It is a popular error to suppose that "a great portion of the popular music in the United States comes from the Negroes; "Negro Melodies" are mostly composed by white men in New York.

(P. 145.) It is strange to assert that the Negroes have at all times been little liable to small-pox, a disease which may be traced back to Abyssinia about forty years before the birth of Mohammed. It desolates Central and Eastern Intertropical Africa, as I have mentioned in the "Lake Regions," and it has become endemic in many parts of Western Maritime Africa, especially on the Slave Coast, from the Volta River to Lagos. At this moment it is raging at the latter place, and Fernando Po has had a severe attack. Many Galla tribes destroy, like the Chili Indians, suspected patients; and I have reason to believe that in parts of Africa, small-pox, like syphilis in Persia, is propagated without contact.

(P. 151.) The "cruelty and barbarity of the Dutch boors on the Cape" is rapidly passing into a formula. But we have hitherto had only the accounts of their enemies, especially the missionaries, and I suspect that the proneness to exaggeration has been palmed upon the public. It is an unfair remark (p. 314) to suppose that the Boers, like the Bojesmans, could not distinguish between good and bad actions. Colonists, in their position, are often reduced to the razzia as their only safety. It is not a Corsican vendetta, but a preventive against it. It will perhaps appear that, despite its philanthropy, the English Government has wasted more lives of the enemy, and certainly more blood of its own servants, than the Boers ever did.