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parallel lines of broad cuts upon the one jaw while in their uncleaned condition. One of the jaws has been extensively gnawn by small carnivores, the inferior outline being broken, and the sides of the fracture scored with teeth-markings.

A single tooth of badger(?) was found at the same level in the cutting. I regret that my search among the thousands of flint-flakes contained in the deposit for any which could be considered as artificially formed was unsuccessful, not a single one occurring which could be referred to human handicraft. My companion, Mr. Middleton, also searched with no better result.

A remarkably fine horn of the great elk, Cervus Megaceros, was also found in association with these bones; I believe this was saved, and is now owned by a Mr. Woods, a farmer near Saffron Walden. The basis of my opinion, that the cuts and sawings upon the bones were produced by flint implements, is their dissimilarity from markings which would be made by iron or bronze weapons upon such a material. I am supported in my belief that these incised markings and scrapings were made by an edge of flint, by Mr. Christy, who has studied these bones long and carefully. He detects in the delicate ribs left upon the surface of the scoring by a flint edge the peculiar curve in the direction of the rib which corresponds with the curved outline of the edge, and which he has found existing in all cuts and sawings made upon bone by implements of flint.

After the usual vote of thanks, Mr. ROBERTS called attention to the state of the museum at Saffron Walden, which contained many valuable remains from the collection of the late Mr. Wombwell, who was a native of that town.

Mr. HUME GREENFIELD pointed out the difficulty of assigning any definite age to the remains in question, as the geological evidence was indeterminate and vague. The presence of Cervus megaceros, however, appeared to indicate a higher antiquity than could be inferred from the mere stratigraphical evidence.

Mr. CARTER BLAKE commented on the interesting fact that we had evidence of the existence of a hornless breed of oxen at a period of time historically distant, though geologically recent. He congratulated the scientific world that Dr. Falconer had taken up this most interesting subject, which in such hands would be productive of results of the highest value to English Anthropology.

Sir CHARLES NICHOLSON inquired whether the differentiative points between Bos longifrons and Bos primigenius and giganteus were distinctly made out so far as regards the dental evidence.

Mr. CARTER BLAKE replied that the difference in the molar teeth could, he thought, be detected between B. longifrons and primigenius. The late Mr. Turner had contributed valuable memoirs to the Zoological Society on the distinction between the teeth in the various genera of ruminants. He (Mr. B.) had been for many years accumulating facts on this subject, which had an important, although indirect, bearing on Anthropology.

On some Arrow-heads and other implements of Quartz and Flint from the Bin of Cullen (Elginshire). Extracted from letters received from Alexander Bryson, Esq., F.R.S.E., F.G.S., &c. By GEORGE ROBERTS, F.A.S.L.

THE immediate neighbourhood of the Bin of Cullen, more especially near to Cullen House, has long been noted for its antiquarian associations. Thereabouts the great battle was fought between King Indulfius and the Danes, in which that monarch was among the slain. My brother, who is factor to the Earl of Seafield, has lately found the resting-place of the king beneath a cairn, some thirty yards long by fifteen broad, made up of rounded stones, not cemented by lime, but rudely piled together. We intend disturbing the remains of this ancient Scottish king shortly, without the slightest fear of disturbing his slumbers.

About a mile from Cullen House, in a north-west direction, lies the great manufactory of flint arrow-heads and spear-heads, where probably the "ancient arrow-maker" held out a way-side sign. However this may be, nothing is to be found within an area of twenty yards square but flint-flakes; I have met with hundreds, but with only one finished arrow-head-which is the small one exhibited.

Finished arrow and spear-heads are abundant round this “workshop," and are often turned up by the plough. They have been also found at a somewhat greater depth, as the following section shows: -Peat, 0.6 inches; sand, 0.6 inches; shingle made up of local quartzites, with many flint arrow-heads and a few flakes, 6 inches. "Flakes" are seldom or never found upon the surface, away from the "manufactory."

Note by Mr. George E. Roberts.-I have submitted the flint implements sent to me by Mr. Bryson to Mr. Christy, who recognises in the white quartz lance-head a North-American form, and comments upon it as one probably new to the British Islands.

On some Flint Arrow-heads from Canada. By FREDERICK ROYSTON FAIRBANK, Esq., M.D., F.A.S.L., Loc. Sec. A.S.L. for Manchester.

THE accompanying arrow-heads, which I beg to present to the Society, were ploughed up in one of the valleys along the shores of Lake Erie, Canada. They were lying in the mould a few inches from the surface, and appeared to have been covered by sediment washed by the rain and by the overflowing of a small stream from the sides of the hills skirting the valley. Similar implements are found scattered over most of the valleys in that locality. It is believed that they were formed and used by the Eries, a tribe of Indians, who, numerous in 1623 when visited by Father Joseph de la Roche d'Allyon, were exterminated in less than thirty years from that date, by constant and sanguinary strife with their kinsmen the Hurons, Petuns, and Neuters, and also with the powerful Iroquois, their common enemy. We need not, then, be surprised that the weapons which they used are found in great numbers.

The arrow-heads may be divided according to their shape into three classes.

I. Almond shaped, 11 inches long, inch broad, and inch thick. The whole circumference sharp and serrated.

II. Triangular, 2 inches long, 1 inch broad at the base, and inch thick. Base sharp and serrated like the sides. The angles at the base project slightly beyond the level of the centre, so as to make this edge slightly crescentic.

III. In this class a process extends backwards from the centre of the base. The angles also at the base extend slightly backwards. Size various; the largest presented is 3 inches long, 1 inch broad, and inch thick.

The first class resembles in general characters the implements found in the drift known as "langues de chats." The second class, besides making a good arrow-head, would make a good, useful hatchet, fastened by its apex at right angles into the end of a staff. This instrument is very carefully made, and must have required a considerable amount of dexterity in its formation, being unusually thin for its size. The process extending from the base of Class III. would enable the head to be more firmly fastened to the shaft. The projecting posterior angles would prevent the arrow being withdrawn after piercing the body. Most of the heads of this class are slightly curved, probably from the conchoidal fracture of the flint. One of them possesses a remarkable double twist. Thinking that the head was intentionally made in this form to produce rotation during the passage of the arrow through the air; I formed an arrow with a head similar to this, and found that the curve, though slight, was sufficient to cause rotation during its flight. This movement did not occur when the head was straightened.

It is interesting to compare these implements, made by a tribe so recently extinct, with those obtained from the drift of France and England. Though in some respects they are superior to the latter, their general character is the same. Like the drift implements, they are rough hewn, and exhibit no signs of friction. The makers of them may therefore be considered to have been much on a par with the inhabitants of Europe during the early and middle portions of the "Stone age."

On the Vitality of the Black Race, or the Coloured People in the United States, according to the Census. By Count OSCAR REICHENBACH. STATISTICS reveal to us mistakes and exaggerations on both sides of the Negro question.

The increase of population within the United States has been

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Increase of whites in the Free States from 1850-60.... 42.7 per cent.

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in the Slave States

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35.7

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Texas first figured in 1850 with 58,558 coloured, originating from the United States, but of whom part had been imported before 1840. If we judge from the increase in newly settled parts, the number exported from the United States before 1840, amounted to 1 per cent. of the coloured in the United States in 1830. The real increase within the States was, therefore, from 1830 to 1840, 24-41 per cent. and the increase for 1850 only 26·13.

In the two first decennia, the blacks were increased by the importation of slaves and the acquisition of Louisiana. The territories obtained with the latter, appear for the first time in the census of 1810 with 45,863 coloured, or with 43 per cent. of the coloured in the United States in 1800. Of these 4.3 per cent., probably 123 per cent., originated from the United States as imported since the acquisition; the real increase by the acquisition amounted, therefore, to only 2 per cent. The black population had then increased, between 1800 and 1808, by importation of slaves, 3 per cent. more than between 1790 and 1800, or, taking into account the natural decrease in the increase of the blacks at that period, 8 per cent.

Florida was for the first time counted in 1830 with 16,343 coloured, or 0.9 per. cent. of the coloured in 1830. In this case Negroes had been brought from the States since 1820, and even earlier; it will be therefore, sufficient to put the natural increase within the United States for 1833 with 31.2 per cent.

The natural increase per cent., including importation from Africa, therefore, is 1790-1800, 32-23; 1810, 35·23; 1820, 28-58; 1830, 31·2; 1840, 24.41;1850, 26 13; 1860, 21.90. Probabilities without regard to the effects of war or of complete emancipation: 1870, 221; 1880, 19.4 per cent.

Neither the Census bureau nor writers on this subject could see a satisfactory reason for the fluctuation observable. I explained them in a manner to which Mr. Kennedy, the superintendent of the Census bureau, assents.

Before the close of the slave trade in 1808, speculation increased the importation of slaves to 8 per cent. of the coloured people within the States, over and above the usual per centage of importation. The imported were mostly adults in full vigour-they soon produced a generation. As the black race is of early virility, this generation became prolific in the decennium after the next, and in this way an alternation of increase continued. But gradually, and as the increase of the blacks generally declines, the differences wear off.

The war will most likely diminish the increase of the blacks. If peace is restored, and if liberty and immigration should return, the whole country will become more or less settled and occupied till 1880, and whilst immigration will still augment the natural increase of the whites, the Negroes will only increase in a rapidly decreasing ratio.

For the general result is, that the increase of the whites, inclusive of immigration, has had an upward, and the increase of the blacks without slave trade a downward, tendency. In 1850, the proportion of blacks to whites was 15 69 to 84:31, in 1860 it is only 13.69 to 86:31.

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The ratio of the blacks increased in the South till 1830: by importation of slaves and by the acquisition of Louisiana and Florida : by a greater natural increase, and by a relative surplus of white emigration from South to North over emigration from the North and other parts to the South. After 1830 the proportions change by the decreasing fecundity of the blacks, and because, with the development of steam navigation and of railroads, and with some manufacturing industry in their train, commences a greater immigration into the South.

Excepting from the Slave States: Maryland, Delaware, Missouri, and New Mexico, (the latter possessing no slaves), the blacks inereased, from 1850 to 1860, 22.6 per cent., and the whites, 29.9. In the excepted States the whites increased 63.6, the blacks, 12.3 per cent. In Missouri alone, the whites increased from 592,400 to 1,058,332, or 75.9 per cent., and the blacks only 30 per cent.; in the other named parts the blacks increased 3.9, and the slaves amongst them decreased 4.3 per cent., or fell from 96,343 to 92,128.

Increase of the Inhabitants of the Slave States from 1850-60.

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Proportions of Whites and Coloured.

In Louisiana in 1850..49:34 to 50-66 in 1860..50·5 to 49:3

In Arkansas

In Texas

77.6 to 22.3

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73.3 to 23.7

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