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In order to prevent all subterfuge, the emperor demanded that the Servian Government undertake

1. To suppress any publications which incite to hatred and contempt of the AustroHungarian Monarchy and the general tendency of which is directed against its territorial integrity.

2. To dissolve immediately the society styled Narodna Obrava, to confiscate all its means of propaganda, and to proceed in the same manner against other societies and their branches in Servia which are addicted

the teaching body, but also as regards the methods of instruction, everything that serves or might serve to foment the propaganda against Austria-Hungary.

4. To remove from the military service and from the administration in general all officers and functionaries guilty of propaganda against the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, whose names and deeds the AustroHungarian Government reserves to itself the right of communicating to the Royal Government.

5. To accept the collaboration in Servia of representatives of the Austro-Hungarian Government in the suppression of the sub

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FRENCH WOMEN TAKE THE PLACE OF MEN IN THE FIELDS

to propaganda against the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. The Royal Government shall take the necessary measures to prevent the societies dissolved from continuing their activity under another name and form.

3. To eliminate without delay from public instruction in Servia, not only as regards

versive movement directed against the territorial integrity of the monarchy.

6. To take judicial proceedings against accessories to the plot of June 28 who are on Servian territory. Delegates of the Austro-Hungarian Government will take part in the investigation relating thereto.

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At once Russia gave assurance of support to the Servians. On July 28 Servia declared war. She had, in fact, mobilized her troops before the expiration of the time limit set by Austria. Russia began on the same day to mobilize 1,200,000 of her soldiers. Emperor William demanded that Russia cease mobilization within twenty-four hours. This was on July 30. As Russia paid. no heed to the emperor's ultimatum, Germany declared war on August 1.

As soon as France saw that one of the members of the Triple Entente was engaged with the strongest member of the Triple Alliance, she began to mobilize on the German frontier. This was July 29. France knew England was behind her. Not for nothing did she forget her one hundred years of enmity to England and the humiliation of Fashoda. when she joined hands with John Bull at the formation of the Triple Entente. So when Germany asked for explanations as to the French mobilization of troops, the French Republic in a huff broke off diplomatic relations with Germany on August 1. In this war France seeks to take vengeance for the

defeat of 1870-71. She wishes to get back Alsace-Lorraine; she wishes to restore her tumbled-down prestige.

Germany realized from the beginning that the first move must be to strike a decisive blow at France before Russia had time to collect her six million soldiers and reserves. Contrary to the Treaty of Vienna, Germany invaded the neutral territory of Belgium. At once England was in arms. England realized that so long as Belgium remained neutral territory, German soldiers would have no advantageous place to gather and, over night, swoop down on Britain. Accordingly, as every one anticipated, England declared war on Germany. This was August 4.

How long this war will last, it would be utter foolishness to prophesy. That it will be bloody is to be expected from the number of soldiers engaged, from the perfection of modern means of warfare, from the broad territory over which it will extend. It has been estimated by military statisticians that in the ordinary course of events, the loss of life per month, during these bellicose times, will be one and a half millions.

THE POWERS INVISIBLE

By CAROLINE D. SWAN

O Lord, Thy touch is gentle, firm and sweet;
It falls upon the universe and straight

Great constellations roll; high Heaven's gate Swings ope and out, in silvery song-choirs fleet, Rejoicing angels dart on wingèd feet.

Earth welcomes them, ablaze, abloom, elate;
For that touch has a glory delicate
She feels upholding Nature's pulsing Leat.

Upon the conscious soul Thy Spirit-powers
Drift down ineffable, too soft for words!
A dream-like tenderness, a love so deep
We wear it lightly, like a crown of flowers,
Not understanding-save as when wild birds
Warble at eve and at the sound we weep!

T

By JAMES I. CLARKE

HE spectacular part of the great European war will be fought in the air. The cavalry charge, the siege of the fortress, the brilliant naval engagements which loom in the foreground of history, will have second place in the minds of chroniclers of the war of 1914.

For the first time since war began battles are actually being fought in the air. The aerial forces now warring against each other are the best in the world. France, Germany, England and Russia have developed their aviation squadrons far in advance of other nations and the struggle for the supremacy of the air is under way.

The rest of the world is watching. The future of aviation as a military and naval asset is at stake. From a prac

tical standpoint, we do not know how important a part the aeroplane and the dirigible are destined to play in the warfare of the future. There are as many theories as there are aviation experts, but the first practical demonstration is under way in Europe.

The type of war flying machine of the future will be worked out. The aeroplanes are vying with the dirigibles for supremacy, and there are those who hold that the airship of the future will be a combination of both.

Some practical men believe the value of aeroplanes and dirigibles in warfare has been greatly overestimated. Others maintain that the great battles of the future will be fought entirely in the air. All the experts have their reasons, and most of the reasons appear logical, but the actual story will be told only by the present war.

The United States War Department has sent Colonel Samuel Reber, head of the Army Aviation Corps, to observe the aerial forces of Europe in action.

If Europe successfully fights in the air, it will necessarily mean the end of the parsimonious policy of our own Government in the matter of aviation.

And yet, strange to say, it was the Congress of the United States that appropriated the first money for the development of a war flying machine. Early in 1898 our Government became interested in the possibility of employing large flying machines in time of war, and the President, through the Board of Ordnance and Fortification of the War Department, requested Dr. Samuel P. Langley to build a man-carrying machine. Congress appropriated $50,000 for the purpose and the machine was completed in 1903, before the first flights of Orville and Wilbur Wright at Kitty Hawk.

The ridicule heaped upon the Langley aerodome after its failure-it was dubbed "Langley's Folly"-is urged to this day against appropriations in Congress for aviation. That the failure to fly was due to lack of funds with which to complete the experiments was clearly demonstrated at Hammondsport, N. Y., last spring, when Glenn H. Curtiss made several flights with the old machine.

Although the first successful aeroplane flight was made in this country. by the Wright brothers, the United States withheld the support of the War Department. Other countries were quick to take it up. Wilbur Wright made many demonstrations in France in the early days, and soon the best brains in Europe were perfecting the flying machine under the supervision and with the financial assistance of the departments of war.

NOTE-For illustrations in this article we are indebted to "Flying."

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