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A.D 1689.

REVENUE-ARMY AND NAVY.

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from purveyance and other feudal rights, which were abolished, as before related, soon after the Restoration. The customs in the reign of James I. never exceeded £190,000, and were supposed to be an ad valorem duty of 5 per cent., both on exports and imports. The excise was not established till the next reign, when both the customs and the total amount of the revenue had more than doubled; the income previous to the meeting of the Long Parliament being about £900,000, of which the customs formed about £500,000. During the Commonwealth the revenue was about £2,000,000; yet it was exceeded by the expenditure. The average revenue of Charles II. was about £1,200,000. The first Parliament of James II. put him in possession of £1,900,000 per annum, though the country was at peace; to which his income as Duke of York being added, made about two millions. The national debt at the time of the Revolution was only a little more than a million.

These facts show a vast increase in the trade and resources of the country. But the increased revenue was absorbed by augmented expenditure. Fortunately, the first two Stuarts had no standing army, or they might probably have succeeded in overthrowing the liberties of the country. Regular troops were first kept constantly on foot in the time of the Commonwealth. Charles II. had a few regiments of guards, but James II. possessed a regular force of 20,000 men. Taught by the errors of his predecessors, he no doubt contemplated employing more effectual means for asserting his odious principles than had been at their disposal; but in the moment of need he found that his Protestant troops were citizens as well as soldiers. The navy was also vastly augmented under the Stuarts. In Elizabeth's reign the whole naval force of the kingdom consisted of only 33 ships, besides pinnaces, and the largest of them would not now equal a fourth rate. the reign of James I. was constructed a ship larger than had yet been seen in the English navy, being of 1400 tons, and carrying 64 guns. The navy increased considerably under Charles II., and still more under James II. The latter had an affection for the service, showed considerable talent as an admiral, and was the inventor of naval signals. He was well seconded by Pepys, the Secretary of the Admiralty. At the period of the Revolution the fleet consisted of 173 vessels, manned by 42,000 seamen.

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§ 16. The increase of revenue and of military power denoted and was accompanied with a corresponding increase in wealth and commerce. The first foundations of the North American colonies were laid, as we have seen, in the reign of James I., when also the Bermudas and the island of Barbadoes were planted. The East India trade began to flourish, Greenland was discovered, and

the whale-fishery begun. The population of the North American colonies was considerably augmented in the reign of Charles I. by the persecutions and intolerance of the High-Church party, which drove many Puritans to New England, many Catholics to Maryland. Under Charles II., New York and the Jerseys were recovered or conquered, and Carolina and Pennsylvania settled. The two Dutch wars, by disturbing the trade of that republic promoted, the commerce of this island; and after Charles II. had made a separate peace with the States, his subjects enjoyed unmolested the trade of Europe. The commerce and riches of England increased very fast from the Restoration to the Revolution, and it is computed that during these 28 years the shipping of England was more than doubled. Several new manufactures were introduced, and especially that of silk, by the French Protestants who took refuge here after the revocation of the edict of Nantes. Sir Josiah Child, the banker, who wrote upon trade, states that in 1688 there were more men on 'Change worth £10,000 than there were in 1650 worth £1000.

§ 17. Never, perhaps, have the manners of any nation undergone a more sudden and violent revulsion than those of the English during this period. Under the first two Stuarts they were marked by religious austerity; under the last two, by profligacy and shamelessness. The gloomy enthusiasm of the earlier period begat many religious sects, of which one of the most singular was that of the Quakers, founded in the reign of Charles I. by George Fox, a native of Drayton, in Lancashire. Of this sect, Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania was an eminent member. Each of these two classes had its literature. The greatest genius among the Puritans, and, indeed, one of the greatest among the English poets, was Milton. The writers who succeeded the Restoration, and who belonged to what may he called the Cavalier literature, are more numerous, but less remarkable than their predecessors. Their works, and especially those of the dramatists, though often sparkling with wit, are for the most part disfigured by indecency. The chief merit of these authors is their having moulded our language, and especially its prose, into that easy, perspicuous, and equable flow which makes their writings still seem modern. The principal refiners of our language and versification were Denham, Waller, and Dryden: the prose of the last has seldom been equaled. No era can rival that of the Stuarts in the names of great philosophers: it counts among others those of Bacon, Hobbes, Locke, Boyle, Newton, and Harvey, the discoverer of the circulation of the blood. Indeed, notwithstanding the numerous men of wit and learning who flourished after the Restoration, the reign of Charles II. is, after all, more distinguished for science than

A.D. 1689

MANNERS, LITERATURE, ETC.

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for literature. The Royal Society was founded in 1660 by a small circle of Oxford philosophers, and obtained the king's letters patent.

Charles I. encouraged the fine arts, and made collections; but we can not yet be said to have had a school either of painting or sculpture. The artists employed were commonly foreigners, as Vandyck, Verrio, Kneller, Lely, and others. Cibber the sculptor was a Dutchman. Almost the only Englishmen eminent in art at this period were Inigo Jones and Wren the architects. The former built Whitehall and several mansions of the nobility. The great fire which swept away the wooden tenements of London opened a noble field for the display of Wren's genius, which, however, was checked by the penury of government. Nevertheless,

we are indebted to him for St. Paul's Cathedral, as well as for several of the finest churches in London.

Had there existed in the times of the Stuarts better vehicles for the expression of public opinion, they might probably have been saved from some of those schemes which proved so fatal to themselves. Newspapers had indeed been established in the reign of Charles I.; but even in that of his successor they were small and unimportant, and appeared only occasionally. Toward the close of his reign Charles II. would allow only the London Gazette to be published. Till 1679 the press in general was under a censorship; but, though it was then emancipated for a short period, till the censorship was revived by James, the liberty was not extended to gazettes. In this state of things, the coffee-houses, which were established in the reign of Charles II.-for tea, coffee, and chocolate were first introduced about the time of the Restoration-were the chief places for the ventilation of political and literary opinions. The government regarded these places of resort with such uneasiness and suspicion that it once made an ineffectual attempt to close them.

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NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS.

AUTHORITIES FOR THE PERIOD OF THE STUARTS.

During this epoch the materials of history become both more abundant and more authentic. The following list does not pretend | to enumerate all that might be mentioned, but to give only the more important.

For the reign of James I. the chief authorities are, Winwood's Memorials; Whitelock's Memorials; the Secret History of the Court of James I., by Osborne, Weldon, Heylin, and Peyton; Camden's Annals of King James 1., and Wilson's History of King James I. (both in Kennett); Dalrymple's Memorials and Letters, illustrative of the reigns of James I. and Charles I.; Carleton's Letters during his embassy in Holland; Rushworth's Historical Collection (1618 1648); Birch's Negotiations from 1592 to 1617; Bacon's Works; King James's Works. Sully's Mémoires and Boderie's Ambassades en Angleterre throw considerable light on the state of James's foreign relations.

For the reign of Charles I., Clarendon's History of the Rebellion is the principal work; a classical performance in regard to style and historical description, especially the delineation of characters, but far from being always trustworthy, as the author was both prejudiced and careless. A genuine, unmutilated edition of this work was not published till 1826. To this must be added Clarendon's Life and State Papers; Whitelock's Memorials (from Charles I. to the Restoration); Nalson's Collection (1639-1648); Scobell's Acts and Ordinances (1640–1656); Husband's Collection (1642–1646); Thurloe's State Papers (1638-1660); May's History of the Long Parliament; Strafford's Letters and Dispatches; the Sydney State Papers; Dugdale's Short View of the late Troubles; Robert Baillie's Letters and Journals (16371662); Ludlow's Memoirs; Lucy Hutchinson's Memoirs of her husband, Col. Hutch. inson; Sir John Berkeley's Memoirs; John

Ashburnham's Narrative; Lord Fairfax's Memorials; Sir T. Herbert's Memoirs; Slingsby's and Hodgson's Memoirs; Baxter's Life and Times; Bishop Hacket's Memorial of Archbishop Williams; Laud's Remains, with the History of his Troubles and Trial; Carte's Life of Ormonde; Sir P. Warwick's Memoirs of King Charles I.; Denzil Lord Hollis's Memoirs (1641-1648); Bishop Hall's Hard Measure; Evelyn's Memoirs (1641-1706); Sir Ed. Walker's Historical Discourses relative to King Charles I.; Dr. John Walker's Number and Sufferings of the Clergy sequestered in the Great Rebellion; Clement Walker's History of Independency; Burton's Cromwellian Diary; Sir John Temple's History of the Irish Rebellion; Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches, with elucidations by Thomas Carlyle.

For the reigns of Charles II. and James II. Burnet's History of his own Times; Reresby's Memoirs; Pepys Diary (16591669); Dalrymple's Memoirs of Great Britain and Ireland, from Charles II. to the battle of La Hogue; Life of James II., collected out of Memoirs writ of his own hand, edited by Rev. J. S. Clarke; Correspondence of Henry and Lawrence Hyde, Earls of Clarendon and Rochester; and Diary of Lord Clarendon. The Mémoires de Grammont illustrate the court and times of Charles II It is scarcely necessary to mention the recent work of Lord Macaulay. The Euvres de Louis XIV. and the letters of Barillon and D'Avaux show the relations of Charles IL and his brother with the French court.

Other works which illustrate the whole period are the Journals of the Lords and Commons, the Parliamentary History, Howell's State Trials, the Hardwicke Papers, Coke's Detection of the Court and State of England from James I. to Queen Anne, Harris's Lives of the Stuarts, Neal's History of the Puritans, etc.

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FROM THE REVOLUTION OF 1688 TO THE YEAR 1858.

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CHAPTER XXVII.

WILLIAM AND MARY, AND WILLIAM III. A.D. 1689-1702.

§ 1. Introductory Remarks. § 2. Character of William III. His Ministry. Convention Parliament. § 3. Discontents and Mutiny. NonjuToleration Act. Settlement of Scotland. § 4. James lands in Ireland. Naval Action at Bantry Bay. Siege of Londonderry. Battle of Newton Butler. § 5. Bill of Rights. Attainders reversed. Change of Ministers. § 6. William proceeds to Ireland. Battle of the Boyne. Siege of Limerick and Return of William. § 7. Action off Beachy Head. Campaign in Ireland. Pacification of Limerick. § 8. Altered Views of William. Massacre of Glencoe. § 9. Intrigues in Favor of James. Marlborough sent to the Tower. § 10. Battle of La Hogue. § 11. Attack on the Smyrna fleet. Growing Unpopularity of William. Expedition to Brest betrayed by Marlborough. § 12. Bill for triennial Parliaments. Death of Queen Mary. § 13. General Corruption. Abolition of the Censorship. Campaign in Flanders. § 14. Conspiracy against the King. Loyal Association. Attainder of Sir J. Fenwick. § 15. Treaty of Ryswick. § 16. Miscellaneous Transactions. Negotiations respecting the Spanish Succession. First Partition Treaty. § 17. William's Unpopularity. Dismissal of his Dutch Guards. Resumption of forfeited Estates in Ireland. § 18. Second Treaty of Partition. William

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