Charles, or, as he was called, the Chevalier, relied for success on his captivating manners. In person he was tall, well formed, and active; his face eminently handsome, his complexion fair; his eyes blue; his hair fell in natural ringlets on his neck. His address, at once dignified and affable, was calculated to win attachment, yet his misfortunes had rendered him somewhat jealous of his dignity. He possessed courage and a romantic sense of honor; he was decisive and resolute, yet without much ability as a leader. His letters breathe both energy and affection, but they were illspelled, and written in the scrawling hand of a schoolboy; for his education had been shamefully neglected. In politics and religion he retained all the bigoted notions of the Stuarts. He thus pos

sessed many of the qualities of a hero of romance; attractions which, combined with a feeling of ancient loyalty, proved to many irresistible, especially as he had adopted the Highland dress, and learned a few words of Gaelic. Cameron of Lochiel was gained over to his cause, though he plainly saw all the difficulties of the attempt; and other chieftains followed.

Charles now began his march toward the desolate and sequestered vale of Glenfinnan, about 15 miles from Fort William, which had been selected for the meeting of the clans and the raising of the royal standard. He arrived early in the morning, accompanied by some of the M'Donalds, but found the glen in its native solitude. At length Lochiel and the Camerons appeared, about 600 in number. They were badly armed, but they brought with them a company or two of English soldiers, whom they had captured on their road. This omen of success gave animation to the elevation of the standard, which was erected on a little knoll in the midst of the vale, the Highlanders shouting and tossing up their bonnets. Other parties subsequently arrived, and when Charles began his march on August 20th his little army amounted to about 1600 men.

On the same day Sir John Cope, the commander-in-chief in Scotland, marched from Stirling with 1500 foot, which were more than half of his whole disposable force; for the government was ill-prepared and wholly uninformed of the Pretender's movements. Cope directed his march toward Inverness, to join the well-affected clans, in the hope that the insurgents, with such a force in their rear, would not venture to proceed southward. But Charles descended into the lowlands, and at Blair Athol, where he remained two days, was joined by several gentlemen of note. Lord Lovat, to whom he had dispatched his patent as Duke of Fraser, with pressing solicitations to join him, sent his prayers. On September 3d Charles made his public entry into Perth amid loud acclamations. Here he was joined by Drummond, titular

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Duke of Perth, and Lord George Murray. The town presented him with £500, a welcome gift, as his last louis d'or was spent. The march was now directed upon Edinburgh. At the dawn of day one of the gates was surprised by the Camerons; and on September 17th Charles took possession of Holyrood House, where a splendid ball was given in the evening. The heralds were compelled to proclaim King James VIII., and to read the royal declaration and commission of regency. But the castle was still held by King George's troops.

$10. Charles remained only a day at Edinburgh, and having obtained an accession of force, as well as a supply of 1000 muskets and other stores, he marched out to give Sir John Cope battle, who had landed his forces at Dunbar, and was advancing toward the capital. Charles had now about 2500 men, but only 50 horse, and a single iron gun, of no use except for signals. Cope had about 2200 men and six pieces of artillery. The two armies met near Preston Pans. The first day both remained inactive, being separated by a morass; but a path having been discovered, Charles approached the enemy during the night, and early in the morning the Highlanders attacked, each clan separately, with terrific yells. In the space of a few minutes Cope's artillery was captured, his dragoons routed, and the line of his infantry broken. Of the latter only about 170 escaped, the rest being either slain or made prisoners. The loss on the side of the insurgents was only about 100 killed and wounded. Sir J. Cope and the horse fled in the greatest disorder, first to Edinburgh, then to Coldstream and Berwick. At the last place Lord Mark Kerr received him with the sarcastic remark that he believed he was the first general who had ever brought the news of his own defeat!

After this victory Charles was desirous of pushing on to London, in which he would probably have succeeded in the state of feeling that prevailed in England. The people were lukewarm in the Hanoverian cause. They did not, indeed, take part in the rebellion, but they did not seem much disposed to repress it; and Henry Fox, one of the ministers, observes in a letter of this period, that, if 5000 French had landed in any part of the island, the conquest would not have cost them a battle. But the court of France lost the only favorable opportunity that ever occurred of restoring the Stuarts. They were not hearty in the cause; and on the news of Charles's success they contented themselves with sending him some small supplies of arms and money. George II., who had returned in alarm from Hanover, sent a requisition to the Dutch for 6000 auxiliaries.

After the victory at Preston Pans many of the Highlanders had returned home with their booty; and as Charles could now muster

only about 1500 men, he was advised to wait and recruit his army. He therefore returned to Holyrood House. He might now be considered master of all Scotland, except some of the country beyond Inverness, the Highland forts, and the castles of Edinburgh and Stirling. James VIII. was proclaimed in most of the towns; and in Glasgow, the least disposed to the Jacobite cause, an extraordinary levy of £5000 was made. In a few weeks his army was raised to nearly 6000 men; and some French ships brought him, besides money, 5000 stand of arms, six field-pieces, and several French and Irish officers. Lord Lovat still hesitated, and at last adopted the dastardly expedient of sending his son, with 700 or 800 of the clan, at the same time protesting that it was done against his will and orders.

Charles now determined to March into England, much against the will of most of his followers, who were of opinion that he should content himself with the conquest of Scotland; but Charles wisely thought that he should not be able to hold the one without the other. The English government, however, was now better prepared. The Commons had voted loyal addresses and liberal supplies; the Habeas Corpus Act was suspended; the militia was raising; Marshal Wade had an army of nearly 10,000 men at Newcastle, and another under the Duke of Cumberland was assembling in the midland counties.

Charles began his march on November 1st. It was resolved to proceed through Cumberland, where the mountainous country is better suited to the Highland mode of fighting. Carlisle was entered on the 17th, after a slight show of resistance, the garrison being allowed to withdraw on delivering up their arms and horses. On the 20th the insurgents proceeded in two separate columns, which united at Preston; and the next day they crossed the Ribble. In these difficult marches in bad weather the chevalier resigned his carriage to the aged and infirm Lord Pitsligo, and marched on foot, in Highland dress, at the head of one of the clans. At Manchester he was received with enthusiasm; and 200 English volunteers who had joined were called the Manchester regiment. But his prospects were not encouraging. Marshal Wade was advancing against him through Yorkshire; the Duke of Cumberland lay at Lichfield with 8000 men; a third army was forming at Finchley; Admiral Vernon was cruising in the Channel to prevent any alarm from France; and Admiral Byng was blockading the east coast of Scotland. Many of Charles's officers were for retreating, but Lord G. Murray persuaded them to advance as far as Derby, promising that, if they were not then joined by a considerable force, he would, as general, advise and enforce a retreat. They reached that town in safety. The chevalier was in

A.D. 1745, 1746.

BATTLE OF CULLODEN.

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high spirits. He had evaded both the English armies, and nothing obstructed his march to the capital. London was in a perfect panic. There was a run upon the Bank of England; all business was suspended and the shops shut. The day was long remembered as Black Friday. Even the king himself is said to have ordered his yachts to the Tower stairs, and to have embarked some of his most precious effects. But the alarm was soon at an end. The day after their arrival Murray and the other generals insisted on a retreat, on the ground that there had been neither an English rising nor a French invasion; and Charles, after exhausting arguments, threats, and entreaties, was forced to comply.

§ 11. The Duke of Cumberland, having mounted 1000 of his infantry, came up with the retreating Scots at Penrith, and a skirmish took place at night on Clifton Moor. The English were repulsed with considerable loss, and the retreat was not again molested. The Scots passed the Esk on December 20th, the prince's birthday, and entered Glasgow on the 26th, having marched 600 miles in 56 days, many of which were days of halt.

The chevalier arrived at Stirling January 3d, 1746, and having received large re-enforcements, as well as some artillery from France, he resolved to besiege the castle. General Hawley, to

whom the Duke of Cumberland had delegated the command, attempted to raise the siege, but was defeated with great loss at Falkirk Muir, and made a precipitate and disgraceful flight to Edinburgh. But the siege was badly conducted by a French engineer named Mirabelle; his batteries were silenced; and the chevalier's chief officers now insisted on going home for the remainder of the winter, promising to return in the spring with 10,000 men. The heavy guns were spiked, and the retreat begun toward Inverness, February 1. The Duke of Cumberland, who had resumed the command, and who had been re-enforced with 5000 Hessians, pursued the Scots, but could not overtake them.

On April 8th, the duke, with 8000 foot and 900 horse, marched from Aberdeen to attack Inverness. Charles, though his troops had dwindled to 5000 men, resolved to surprise the duke at Nairn by a night march of 12 miles. Lord G. Murray led the first column, Charles himself the second; but the marshy nature of the ground delayed their progress so much that all hopes of a surprise were abandoned, and they took up a position on Culloden Moor. The Duke of Cumberland drew up his army with great skill in three lines, with cavalry on each flank, and two pieces of cannon between every two regiments of the first line. His artillery did great execution, while that of the Scots was ill directed. Murray therefore requested permission to attack, and made a furious charge with the right wing and centre. They broke the first line of the

English; but the second, three deep, the first rank kneeling, the second stooping, received them with a murderous fire, which threw them into disorder. The English then charged, and drove the clans before them in one confused mass. The left wing was not engaged. About 1000 of the Scots fell; of the English hardly a third of that number. This defeat put an end to all Charles's hopes. From the field he rode to the residence of Lord Lovat, their first and only meeting. Lovat hardly behaved with common civility, and they parted with mutual displeasure. Some attempt was made to rally the army at Ruthven; but Charles sent a message thanking the leaders, and bidding them consult their own safety. They accordingly dispersed, and the rebellion was extinguished. The Duke of Cumberland fixed his head-quarters near Fort Augustus, and seems to have permitted every sort of outrage and cruelty, in which he was well seconded by General Hawley. This brutality obtained for him the nickname of the Butcher. When in July he returned to London, he was hailed as the deliverer of his country; a pension of £25,000 per annum was settled on him and his heirs, and he was presented with the freedom of numerous companies.

Rev. AMOR ET SPES.

Obv.: CAROLUS WALLIE PRINCEPS. Bust to right. Below, 1745.
Britannia standing on the sea-shore: two ships arriving. Below, BRITANNIA.

Lord G. Murray and several other leaders escaped abroad. The government succeeded in capturing the Earl of Kilmarnock, Lord Balmerino, Secretary Murray, and Lord Lovat. The last was discovered in a little island in a lake in Inverness-shire, wrapped up in a blanket, and concealed in a hollow tree. Charles wandered about the country till September, undergoing during these five months a variety of hardships and dangers; yet, though his secret was intrusted to several hundreds of persons, he was not betrayed, notwithstanding a reward of £30,000 had been offered for his cap