cas

60

§ 6 Universal propositions respecting forms of government. Ex-

amples of the mode in which the subject has been treated p. 49

7 Analysis of the method of constructing universal propositions

respecting the tendency of the forms of government . . .

8 Method of investigating the general characteristics of monar-

chical or despotic, as distinguished from free or republican

government.

9

Method of investigating the general characteristics of aristo-

cracy and democracy; meaning of the entire community'

IO Average results respecting forms of government are attainable

Distinction between an inquiry into the characteristics of each

form of government, and the problem of the best form of

government.

II

12 General propositions as to other political relations.

70

CHAPTER XVI.

On Partial Theories, or Principles of Limited Causation,

in Politics.

§ I True general propositions respecting political causes can be

more easily laid down, if they are confined to a certain set

4 Similar characteristics for other classes of communities

5 National character.

6 Results of the observation of national character; formation of
limited theories and limited maxims

106

108

112

4 Special hypotheses imply possibility, but general ones do not. 123

CHAPTER XVIII.

On the Existence of a Science of Politics.

p. 125

§ I Positive politics possess the scientific character

2 Speculative politics admit, though in a less degree, of general

scientific expression.

3 The necessity of local and temporary limitations in politics

does not deprive the subject of a scientific character. . .

4 Constantly recurring necessity of new inductions in politics

5 Science of legislation; meaning of the phrase

6 Law of nature; its supposed universality; opposition between

nature and institution

.

127

127

130

131

133

139

CHAPTER XIX.

On the Art of Politics, and the Formation of Political

4

An empirical art of politics has existed since the existence of

government

151

5 Speculative writers on politics have treated the subject partly
as an art, and partly as a science

6 The precepts of political art are general

152

155

7 In order to convert political theorems into general precepts,

the end must be given

156

8 Political apophthegms, preceptive in substance, but not in

form

157

II

9 Two classes of political maxims I. Maxims of policy;

II. Maxims of legislation

Other modes of guiding conduct employed in political art

VOL. II.

b

CHAPTER XX.

On the Application of Political Theories and Maxims

in Practice.

Conversion of political theorems into maxims; importance of

distinguishing between a false theory and an unsound

maxim

2

p. 163

Form of the argument in politics when a maxim is applied to

a practical case

165

166

171

172

X

3 Allowance must be made for disturbing causes in the practical
application of general maxims-first, for those arising from
internal variations in the subject itself

4 Secondly, for those arising from external causes; external re-
tarding causes

5 Meaning of the dictum, 'True in theory, false in practice'.

6 Manner in which general maxims are circumscribed with re-

ference to actual cases

7 Meaning of the dictum that a case must be decided on its own

merits

8 External accelerating causes

9 Constant counteraction of habit, with respect to political

changes; nature and operation of habit in politics.

179

ΤΟ Modification of universal theorems by theories of limited ap-

plication

200

II Distinction between unsound or inapplicable maxims and false

theories .

The unsoundness of theory engenders a preference for the

direct argument from experience; distinction between the

Dogmatici and Empirici

203

3

Mode of arguing from precedents or real examples in politics. 208

4 Precedents are usually adduced without the principle which

they involve

5 Importance of precedents in practice

6 Rules as to the selection and application of precedents

§ 7 Practical examples may be affirmative or negative

8 Advantage of real models

9 Good political institutions are generalized by being treated as

real models

p. 219

220

221

10 Distinction between the cases in politics where a real model

can be multiplied by imitations, and those which require a

measure peculiar to themselves

223

II Tendency to idealize real models in former states of society 226

12 Differences between the practical argument from a single ex-

ample and that founded on a general maxim

231

2 Analogy between ideals in politics and ideals in the useful arts 237

3 A political ideal is not founded on real data.

241

4 Ideal models may be faultless

241

5 Ideal models belong to the constructive department of politics 242

6 Examples of ideal models of a perfect state

243

II The plan of the best constitution in the Politics of Aristotle

12 The ideal model of Zeno

254

258

13 The Republic and Laws of Cicero

258

14 Imaginary communities in antiquity

263

Lord Bacon

15 The Utopia of Sir Thomas More, and the New Atlantis of

16 The Civitas Solis of Campanella

17 The Oceana of Harrington

18 The Mundus alter et idem of Bishop Hall; The History of the
Sevarambians; The Aventures de Jaques Sadeur

19 Descriptions of a happy people in Télémaque, in The Voyages de
Cyrus and Sethos, in the Lettres Persanes, and in Gauden-
tio di Lucca. Klimii Iter Subterraneum .

20 Notions of the ancients respecting a golden age, and the pri-

mitive state of mankind

272

274

21 Connexion between the conception of a golden age and the

ideal commonwealths

277

§ 22 Limited political ideals; perpetual peace.

23

p. 283

Fichte's Geschlossener Handelsstaat, or Perfect Commercial
State; the Catholic and the Invisible church

287

24 Utility of ideal models in politics; all political improvements

imply an ideal conception

288

25 Conditions for the advantageous use of ideal models-first, the

model must admit of imitation

293

26 Secondly, the model must not imply conditions unsuitable to

the case in hand; ideal states always imply impossible

conditions

296

27

Ideal plans of a best possible commonwealth imply a denial of

the progressive character of society

301

28 Descriptions of imaginary governments afford facilities for the

expression of opinion

301

29 Distinction between ideal perfect states and ideal institutions;
inquiry into the possibility of determining the best form of
any political institution

30 Nature of the problem of the best form of government

CHAPTER XXIII.

On Political Conduct.

1

Political action consists in the choice of alternatives

310

2 The alternatives may be prescribed by law, or by moral

necessity. .

310

3 The alternatives may be practically unlimited

312

4 Deliberation consists in the comparison of alternative courses

5 Analogy between public and solitary deliberation

6 Alternative courses often consist of two extremes and a

mean; prevalence of compromises in politics

8 The choice of alternatives is often determined by the probable

conduct of another party

321

9 Connexion of political conduct with the question of freedom