paign was barren of all political results; and the Treaty of Paris having ignored the existence of the Circassians, Russia began again to carry on a war of extermination against speak it at all. To be a linguist it is neces- | considerations passed unheeded; the camsary to be a grammarian, and there is no other road to that accomplishment than to plod through the Latin grammar; so that it was not without good reason that Joseph de Maistre drew the boundary of civilized Eu-them. Suffering more from famine than rope there where Latin ceased to be taught. Russian diplomacy has an advantage in the entire concurrence of action on the part of her agents, and their unswerving obedience to their orders,-backed by the fear of Siberia. This is wanting in England, as it must be in all free countries; but in the occasional independent advice and action of such men as Lord Ponsonby and Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, and in the energy and freely expressed opinions of unofficial persons, our country finds much to counterbalance the unfitness of many of our public agents. We extract a valuable and striking passage from Mr. Oliphant's account of Omer Pasha's Transcaucasian campaign, published before the peace: from the prowess of Russian arms, the Circassians, driven to despair, sent two deputies to England in 1862. One of these, Hajy Hassen Hayder, was at forty an aged man with eighteen wounds on his body, and worn down with a life passed in privation and warfare ever since his childhood. These deputies addressed a petition to the queen, dated the 26th August, in which they represented that their country was independent, that the Ottoman Government had never possessed it, and that therefore Russia could not pretend to claim it in virtue of any treaties with the Porte. They complained that Russia led Europe to believe that the Circassians were barbarians or savages, who, if left alone, would destroy their neighbors' property. This opinion Russia has certainly done her "Both these objects (the promotion of best to disseminate. It is reported that the English and Mingrelian interests), as it ap- late Said Pasha, Viceroy of Egypt, was one pears to me, might be gained by stipulations which should have the effect of abolishing day talking of the Circassians, and that the those mercantile restrictions which have re- Russian consul who was present would not tarded the progress of the province, and of lose the opportunity to make the observation, doing away with that monopoly of trade" If a man steals a horse or a cow, we call which Russia purchased at Redout Kaleh him a Tcherkess." Said Pasha replied, alone, but which she most unjustly exercises Yes; and if he seizes a whole province, throughout the whole length of the coast, then he is called a czar.” By throwing Mingrelia open to commercial enterprise, a new and profitable market would be created for our manufactures, whilst the resources of the country would be fined to capturing our cattle, burning our "The tyranny of the Russians was not condeveloped, and the prosperity of the popula- dwellings and temples, and other unheard-of tion proportionately advanced. It does not atrocities, but in order to starve us on the seem that in making these demands we mountains they destroyed all our growing should be asking, either with respect to Abcrops in the plain, and captured our land. khasia or Mingrelia, more than we have a If we were to emigrate, abandoning right to expect; but whether we make peace our homes for ages protected by our forefaand obtain independence for one, and free thers, who shed their blood for them, our trade for the other, or make war and gain poverty would prove a great obstacle to our only a valuable strategical position for our- doing so; in fact, how could we take away selves, let us hope that those political men who have hitherto riveted their delighted orphans, and helpless relations of those slain our own wives and children, and the widows, gaze upon the shattered docks of Sebastopol in this war. Such an undertaking would may extend the range of their mental vision decimate the emigrants, and blot out forever to the opposite shore of the Black Sea; and our Caucasian name from the face of the as they gradually acquire a hazy conscious-earth." ness of the existence of Russia in that quar The petition goes on to state that— ter, may admit that the campaign which has In the presence of these difficulties they imjust been prosecuted in those newly discov-plore the protection of the queen, and pray ered regions has not been altogether barren her to interfere to prevent the extermination of political and military results." of a nation numbering a million of souls : But Mr. Oliphant wrote in vain. These these are the Circassians and Abkhasians. (We now know that these sad forebodings of the consequences of a forced emigration have been far surpassed by the reality, and that decimation is no word for the mortality that has overtaken the emigrants.) The only answer to this petition was a letter, dated September 12th, 1862, acquainting the deputies that "Her Majesty's Government cannot interfere in the matter referred to in their petition." Technically, perhaps, the Foreign Office could give no other answer, its hands being tied by the neglect of the Congress of Paris to establish the real position of Circassia toward Russia, and the false position assumed by Russia had apparently been acquiesced in; or, as Pozzo di Borgo said, "The public opinion of Europe has given the Caucasus to Russia.”* Similar indifference led Europe to acquiesce in the partition of Poland, which the British minister of that day described as a curious transaction. There is this distinction, however, between the two,that England had had no special relations with the Poles before the partition; whereas we called upon the Circassians to co-operate with us, and they did make a diversion in our favor by attacking the Russian territory during the operations of the Turkish army. Russia has set a precedent, which might have been used in favor of Circassia, by her remonstrances in behalf of the Montenegrins, whom no one ever thought of disturbing until they descended from their mountains on head-hunting expeditions into the plain.† The conduct and policy of Russia in Circassia and in Poland has been very similar; the cruelties exercised in Poland have excited more sympathy from being better known; yet that sympathy has been barren, because we are told that action is impracticable to us in a country which is washed by no sea. But as this objection does not hold in the case of Circassia, should we let the extermination of the mountaineers pass without remonstrance, * Reference to the "Correspondence respecting the Regulations issued by the Russian Government in regard to Trade with the Eastern Coast of the Black Sea," presented to the House of Commons in February, 1863, will show that Lord Malmesbury did his best to turn to account the meagre stipulations of the Treaty of Paris, to the advantage of the Circassians, and that he commenced a policy which, had it been sustained, might have averted their downfall. We are glad to welcome Lady Strangford's pretty book, "The Eastern Shores of the Adriatic," in which an interesting account is given of the Montenegrins and their prince the public opinion of Europe will have just cause for saying that in England, the will, rather than the power, has been wanting to withstand triumphant wrong. The French, who during the Crimean War were so indifferent to the interests of their allies, and who prevented the departure of Omer Pasha's army from the Crimea till it was too late in the year for military operations in Transcaucasia, may now be sorry for the downfall of Circassia, which will enable the Russians to press still more heavily upon the unfortunate Poles. They will have yet more cause for regret should the Russian policy of depopulation now going on in the Caucasus be carried out also in Poland. We have already referred to the expulsion of the Moors from Spain, and a further parallel may be drawn from that event. Henri IV., either from political motives or from Protestant feelings of opposition to the Inquisition, had opened some communications with the Moriscoes; but when they were actually expelled, he shrunk from rendering them any effective assistance, and left Spain to triumph in her cruelty, and to set an example which was in due time imitated by Louis XIV., under whom, upon the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, the Protestants, for whom his grandfather had struggled so long, were made to undergo all the horrors, the sufferings, and decimation experienced by the Moriscoes. Even from the history of these earlier persecutions but a faint idea can be formed of the cold, the famine, the diseases which have been destroying the unfortunate Circassians while waiting upon a shore within the grasp of Russia, which will not suffer Ottoman or even English commissioners to approach its victims, either to alleviate their misery, or to be witnesses of her own tyranny. And yet greater sufferings await them when they disembark on the Turkish coasts, where no preparation has been made for them. Shall modern Europe, one of whose everlastingly recurring watchwords is the cry of humanity, submit to the disgrace of not being more enlightened than inquisitorial fanatics of the Middle Ages? We can scarcely endure to read of such cruelties in the records of distant ages; yet when they are repeated under our own eyes by a government which calls itself Christian,* we cannot attempt to stay *It appears from the parliamentary papers respecting the settlement of Circassian emigrants. the hand of the oppressor, or to tell him that he who does such deeds can only be regarded—indeed, is already regarded-as an enemy of mankind. But at least we may stretch forth our hands to relieve the misery which we have done nothing to avert, to aid with purse and with effective management that the expulsion of the mountaineers has been the direct act of the Russian Government. That government, it is true, offered the mountaineers the choice of settling in the steppes of the Kouban, or of emigrating to Turkey. But had they accepted the former alternative, they would equally have suffered loss of home, ruin, decimation, and national annihilation. We find the following passage in the Bulletin du Caucase, in the Journal de St. Petersbourg of May 19, 1864 "In the course of the month of March, thirty thousand individuals left Touapre; about fifty thousand others await their turn to embark at Anapa, Novorossusk, Djouba, and Touapre, and at least as many more will go forth from the coasts of the Oubykh and Djighete territo the misdirected efforts of the Porte, to mitigate to the remnant of a brave and beautiful race those dreadful and unparalleled sufferings which have been entailed upon them solely by their righteous and steadfast defence of the hearths and homesteads of their fathers. ries. It is thus that the resistance of the last and most obstinate of the hostile tribes has been overcome, thanks to the perseverance and unheard-of labors of the troops of the Caucasus. Although it cannot be asserted that the war in the Caucasus is completely terminated until our soldiers shall have overrun all the mountain passes, and shall have driven out the last of the inhabitants, it is to be hoped that we shall no longer meet with any obstinate resistance anywhere, and that especially on account of their numerical weakness, the tribes that have remained in the defiles of the mountains can no longer be considered as the source of any danger to ourselves." effect; Now, therefore, we do hereby adjudge and decree the sentence so pronounced on the said 16th of December, 1863, to be of full force, virtue, and effect from and after this date; and we do accordingly, decree and sentence the said Bishop of Natal to be deposed from the said office as such bishop, and prohibited from the exercise of any divine office within any part of the Metropolitan Province of Capetown. In testimony whereof we have hereunto caused our episcopal seal to be affixed, and do subscribe our hand this 18th day of April in the year of our Lord 1864, and do deliver the same to the registrar of this diocese to be duly recorded. "(Signed) R. CAPETOWN (L.S.).” SENTENCE OF DEPOSITION ON BISHOP COLENSO. | by reason of the premises, become of full force and -Messrs. Brooks and Dubois, proctors for the Metropolitan Bishop of Capetown, served a copy of the following sentence of deposition on Bishop Colenso: "Whereas in and by the sentence pronounced by us on the 16th of December, 1863, against the Bishop of Natal, we did adjudge to suspend the operation of the said sentence until the 16th of April, 1864, for the purpose of affording the said Bishop of Natal an opportunity of retracting and recalling the extracts therein mentioned and referred to; And whereas the said sentence so delivered by us on the said 16th of December, 1863, was personally served on the said Bishop of Natal at 23 Sussex Place, Kensington, in the county of Middlesex, on the 26th day of January, 1864, as appears from the affidavit of service thereof, duly filed of record; And whereas it has been proved, to our satisfaction, that the Bishop of Natal did not on or before the 4th day of March last past file of record with Douglas Dubois, of No. 7, Godliman Street, Doctors' Commons, London, proctor, solicitor, and notary public, our commissary in England, a full, unconditional, and absolute retractation, in writing, of the extracts so mentioned and referred to in the said sentence, nor did on or before the 16th day of April instant, file with the registrar of this diocese, at his office, in Capetown, such full, unconditional, and absolute retractation and recall of the said extracts; And whereas the said sentence has now, in terms of the provisions thereof, and ONE of the most interesting anniversaries in London is that of the Corporation of the Sons of the Clergy, when a choir of two hundred voices give choice music beneath the dome of St. Paul's, and a sermon is preached in aid of the charity. This year the two hundred and tenth anniversary was celebrated, with no abatement of interest. A DISEASE among cattle, similar to that which has created some anxiety in this country, has proved very fatal in the Campagna around Rome. The Papal Government has lately published an extended report upon this disease, the contagious character of which it is said, is fully proved. From The Saturday Review. columns, the masculine on the right hand, the feminine on the left. Carry the little book about in your pocket, and keep constantly reading it over till you know it by heart. You will thus learn both the words and their genders. So dense was the sturdy old sergeant that, though he followed his own prescription, it never seems to have occurred to him that a large majority of French nouns are masculine, and that, by making out a list of the feminine nouns alone, he would materially reduce the clumsiness of his contrivance. M. Deschanel pursues his subject through all the branches mentioned above. He has chapters on the effect of the period, the climate, the race, sex, age, temperament, character, profession, hereditary disposition, and health of the writer on his works. The remarks have little in themselves that is novel; but the illustrations are very shrewd and often exceedingly amusing. To apply his own method, they are beyond all controversy the choice of a French journalist of the nineteenth century. Knowing the authors of the various passages which he cites, he asks, with an air of perfect good faith, whether they could possibly have been written by any one else than their authors. Does not this sentence show that Madame de Sevigné must have been born in Burgundy, and this other that Montaigne must have been an AngloGascon? The result of this way of writing is that M. Deschanel manages to say a great number of very clever things, though it may be doubted whether he will succeed in convincing those who do not happen to begin by agreeing with him. Take, for instance, the following observation on the English cast of thought:— THE Physiology of Authors and Artists is not a promising title; but it must be admitted that M. Deschanel has contrived to write a very amusing little book about it. The general object which he has in view is to describe the influence of physical causes, including the character and state of the author's own body, upon the production of works of art. He begins at the very beginning, with a discussion of the relations of the body and the soul, the object of which is to prove that they are reciprocally influenced by each other. It is odd that such a proposition should require the support of illustration or argument; but M. Deschanel has elaborately worked out his theory, and gives his readers the benefit of the whole of it, with a good faith which shows that he really has taken the trouble to think and observe on the subject. Every writer, he says, who writes upon anything but pure science, has his own peculiar style. The matter is common to all; but the form differs with every different person, inasmuch as the time in which he lives, the climate in which he writes, his race, sex, age, temperament, character, and profession, all affect to some extent the point of view from which he looks at this subject. M. Deschanel need not have excepted scientific books. There is a vast deal of difference between the style of different mathematicians. French mathematicians, for instance, differ widely from English writers on mathematics, and such books as Johnson's Dictionary and Cobbett's Grammar show how the driest and most technical subjects can be made to illustrate the character of their authors at every page. Would any one but Johnson have defined a lexicographer as a "The complicated turn of the English temharmless drudge? or would any one but Cob- perament, even when the leading principle bett have taken all his illustrations of bad is right, differs much from French clearness and rapidity. The latter is a charm and grammar from King's Speeches and the deamusement for the reader; the former is at spatches of Tory peers, with a special prefer- first fatiguing, and long continues to be laence for those who were good classical schol-borious, until one is accustomed to it. What ars? Perhaps an even better illustration of complications there are! what circuits! how Cobbett's ponderous untrained sturdiness is to be found in his recommendation for learning the French genders. Take a dictionary, he tells his pupil, and copy out all the nouns into a blank book, arranging them in two the principal idea, crossed by all sorts of accessery ideas, encumbered with exceptions, restrictions, and modifications, by contraries, as they say in rhetoric,-struggles to disengage and produce itself! What a Cæsarean operation is necessary for its birth! but when at last it is brought forth, what vigor, what familiar eloquence, what arguments from common life! how vigorously the idea be haves, how it kicks and hits, how it makes over carefully two or three times, you can all fly! Even jokes among these vigorous see just what it means; whereas the propopeople with their strong nerves are thrown, sition that men are born free and equal may as it were, with a catapult." mean any one of several different things. Which of them it means no amount of study of the proposition itself will determine. nations; whilst Greece and France, nervous, It is satisfactory to find out one Frenchman, at all events, who has discovered that Englishmen are, after all, capable of thinking, M. Deschanel takes a very candid view of and even of reasoning, and that logic is not the controversy about the French and Engthe exclusive property of the French. M. lish national character, on which so many Deschanel, however, in his eagerness to make people have something to say. His view of the most of temperament, does not seem to the matter is certainly so flattering to our see that, if our English reflections are comown national prejudices that no Englishman plicated, that may be the fault of the facts, would have ventured to put it forward :as well as of the minds which describe the "Nations have, like individuals, a primary facts. If you want to see and to describe a temperament which they generally obey, and thing as it is, the idee principale must be on which the greater part of their character crossed and complicated with a number of depends. The Athenians and French are qualifications and complications, because the essentially nervous. The Romans and the Engthing itself is so in fact. It is only by a due lish have sanguine and muscular temperaattention to, and statement of, these qualifi-ments. . . . The Romans and English, muscations and restrictions that it is possible to attain the vigor with which we are credited. Without them, the principle idea is apt to be nothing more than the vaguest kind of generality. Bring almost any proposition into any real relation with actual life, and it instantly becomes complicated and intricate. For instance, it is easy to say," All men are born free and equal; " but if the proposition is to be anything more than a platitude, it must be thrown into some such form as this: "A legislator who intends to promote the greatest happiness of the greatest number will forward that object by so arranging the distribution of property, at a given time and place, as to make the largest number of shares reach such an amount as will support a family in what is there and then considered to be a state of comfort, and by so regulating the laws as to forbid no other actions than those which produce an amount of pain exceeding the sum of the pain produced, directly and indirectly, by the restraint from doing them and the punishment for having done them." If any one will take the trouble to understand this sentence, he will see that it expresses a definite meaning to which every part of it contributes, and he will also discover that it is nearly the only proximately true meaning which can be attached to the proposition that men are born free and equal. It is, in reality, the clearer of the two statements; for it is far more explicit than the other, and less ambiguous. It is also superior in point of rapidity; for, by reading it This is just one of those smart sayings which must not be pressed too far, but which have nevertheless a kind of truth about them. Many of the great French writers and politicians have had as little of the woman about them as any Englishman could have. Bossuet, Corneille, Descartes, Colbert, Mirabeau, Danton, Napoleon (though, to be sure, he was more of an Italian than a Frenchman), M. Guizot, and numerous others, have contributed in various forms, and in reference to many distinct subjects, as much of the "muscular, square, positive" element as could well be put into human beings. M. Deschanel has, of course, his little theory about several of these remarkable men, and about others who showed analogous qualities. He tells us little stories about them which are sometimes singularly happy. For instance, |