tween a sovereign state and its dependent people, is seen in the progressive reforms of the British colonial system. It may seem desirable that a volume devoted to diplomatic methods should attempt to throw some light at least upon the mooted question of peace, without adopting the sentimental view of the pacifist or the idealistic view of the speculative philosopher. It may be a question whether there may not be a scientific view based upon the facts of social evolution, in which the successive stages of pacification may be traced in the progressive development of human society, and which may suggest the future steps that may be necessary for the further enlargement of the areas of peace.

In the treatment of these various subjects it has been the purpose to adhere as strictly as possible to the historical point of view-dealing with facts rather than with speculations. All the discussions are based upon authentic sources, with occasional reference to standard works, and with no attempt at detailed bibliography, with the simple purpose of making the subject-matter as accurate and lucid as possible.

University of Rochester,
Rochester, N. Y.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I

OUR FIRST DIPLOMATIC CONTROVERSY: A PRELUDE TO THE

JAY TREATY

1. The Non-Execution of the Treaty of 1783

PAGE

I

2

2. British Refusal to Enter Commercial Relations

3. Commercial Restrictions and Neutral Rights

4. The Congressional Trend toward Retaliation

5. The President's Interference for Peace

CHAPTER II

FEDERALISM AND INTERNATIONAL LIABILITY: THE CASE OF

THE "CAROLINE"

30

33

36

1. Canadian Revolt and Destruction of the "Caroline"

2. Jurisdiction Assumed by the State of New York

3. The Plea of Non-Liability by the United States

4. The Threat of War by the British Government

5. Diplomatic Dilemma of the Secretary of State

6. The Federal Appeal to the State for Relief

7. Proceedings before the New York Supreme Court

8. Close of the Case and the Remaining Problem

CHAPTER III

.

AMERICAN POLICY AS TO THE LAW OF RECOGNITION: APROPOS

OF THE CUBAN REVOLT

1. The Diplomatic Question in the American Congress 47

2. Recognition of a New Form of Government

3. Recognition of a Belligerent Community

4. Recognition of Independence under the Law

5. Recognition of Independence with Intervention

CHAPTER IV

DIPLOMACY OF EUROPEAN POWERS IN THE FAR EAST: THE

THREATENED PARTITION OF CHINA

1. Interests of European Powers in the Orient

2. Early Attitude of Russia and France in China

3. Commercial and Military Concessions to Russia

4. Russian Exploitation at the Expense of England

5. Intrusion of Germany as a Competing Power

6. Russian Plot for the Possession of Port Arthur

7. England's Share in the Diplomatic Quarrel

8. Result of Four Years of Foreign Intervention

9. Commercial Interests of the United States in the

Orient

PAGE

81

83

87

88

91

93

95

99

103

105

CHAPTER V

THE DIPLOMATIC PROBLEM REGARDING THE SUEZ CANAL: ITS

INTERNATIONAL STATUS

109

IIO

. 115

1. The Suez Canal as a Financial Enterprise

2. England's Early Opposition to the Project

3. Its International Significance and British Interests 119

4. Academic Discussions as to its International Status 123

5. Diplomatic Efforts toward a World Policy. 125

6. British "Reservations" during the English Occupation 130

7. Status of the Canal under the New Egyptian State 134

INTERNATIONAL RIGHT OF WAY WITH REFERENCE TO THE

OPENING OF THE PANAMA CANAL

1. The Policy adopted by the United States

2. Analogies Afforded by the Municipal Law

3. The Opinions of Publicists on International Law

4. Precedents of International Treaties and Conventions 144

5. The Great Expansion of International Commerce 150

6. The Concurrent Approval of Civilized Nations

THE SALE OF MUNITIONS OF WAR IN ITS RELATION TO THE

LAW OF NEUTRALITY

. 159

1. The Law of Neutrality in the Eighteenth Century 160

2. American Policy Under the First Administration 164

3. The Permanent Policy Adopted by the United States 168

PAGE

4. Liability of Neutral States and of Neutral Subjects 175

5. Attempts to Evade the Law in the World War . . 181

CHAPTER VIII

BRITISH DIPLOMACY AND BRITISH COLONIAL Reform; Canada,

AUSTRALIA AND SOUTH AFRICA

189

190

. 192

.

197

1. The Previous European Policy regarding Colonies

2. New Policy Adopted in the Dominion of Canada

3. Development of the Commonwealth of Australia

4. The Dutch and English Occupation of South Africa 201

5. The "Great Trek” and the New Boer Republics

6. The Boer War and the Changed Policy of England 207

7. The Union of the South African Colonies

8. The Constitution of the South African Union

CHAPTER IX

THE GROWTH OF THE CONCERT OF EUROPE; THE INTERNA-

TIONAL POLICY OF INTERVENTION

204

212

. 215

220

1. Peace of Westphalia and the "Balance of Power" 222

2. The Congress of Vienna and the Concert of Europe 228

3. The Eastern Question and the Problem of Inter-

vention

233

. 236

. 239

4. The European Concert and the Greek Revolution

5. The Resistance to the Encroachments of Russia .

6. The Treaty of Paris and the Recognition of Turkey 244

7. The Turkish Atrocities and the Congress of Berlin 246

CHAPTER X

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PEACE: VARIOUS METHODS OF

APPROACH TO THE WORLD PROBLEM

1. Ethical Appeals to the Pacific Sentiments

2. Ideal Projects for an International State

3. Historical Method based on Social Evolution

4. Progressive Enlargement of the Areas of Peace 266

5. The Growth of Peace within the National Domain 269

6. Initial Steps toward International Peace

7. The Historical Significance of the World War

8. Present World Problem in the Light of History