ans had led them to occupy and include within th ls portion after portion of the main land lying next to th so that at the time of the Athenian expedition the s t of the land between the two bays already spoken It over, and fortified from bay to bay, and constitu ger part of Syracuse.

The landward wall, therefore, of this district of the cit ed this knob of land, which continues to slope upwa sea, and which, to the west of the old fortifications ( ard the interior of Sicily), rises rapidly for a mile diminishes in width, and finally terminates in a long ge, between which and Mount Hybla a succession of uneven low ground extends. On each flank of thi descent is steep and precipitous from its summits to th evel land that lie immediately below it, both to the st and northwest.

The usual mode of assailing fortified towns in the tim oponnesian war was to build a double wall round the ently strong to check any sally of the garrison from wi attack of a relieving force from without. The interva he two walls of the circumvallation was roofed ov ned barracks, in which the besiegers posted themselv ited the effects of want or treachery among the besi lucing a surrender; and, in every Greek city of thos n every Italian republic of the Middle Ages, the rag stic sedition between aristocrats and democrats rar

icorous refugees swarmed in the camp of every invad ; and every blockaded city was sure to contain wi Is a body of intriguing malcontents, who were eager se a party triumph at the expense of a national d C

is of a superior hostile fleet and a racuse, from her size, her popunaval resources, not unnaturally ading in another Greek city a foe

armament to menace her with the spring of 414 B.C., the Athearbor and the adjacent seas; an er troops, and cooped them withbay a blockading wall was being ps of level ground and the high ed Epipola), which, if completed, off from all succor from the inte-m at the mercy of the Athenian is were, indeed, unfinished; but al in their lines grew narrower, arent hope of safety for the be

flower of her forces, and the acrs of glory, on one bold throw for orld. As Napoleon from Mount

an d'Acre, and told his staff that d decide his destiny and would the Athenian officers, from the looked on Syracuse, and felt that

wers of the earth would fall beFelt, also, that Athens, if repulsed her career of conquest, and sink ruined and subservient commu

ate of the great battles of the

the mistress of the iterranean had yet Xerxes and Mardo her whole populati sults of that strugg try's service at sea. of the coasts and is the head of the conf of the war against P converted by her in protected them from fell into decrepitude plicit obedience to h ative of taxing them accountable for her r strance against her alty, and refusal to p mitting and encoura contingents in money the sovereign republ own citizens by cons of seeing her confede tion, and become m her yoke. Their to imperial city herself sumptuousness; the serving to strengthen docks, her arsenals, her in that plenitude which still attest th

the largest and best-man navy at

erranean had yet beheld. The occupations of her terr erxes and Mardonius, in the second Persian war, had er whole population to become mariners; and the glo lts of that struggle confirmed them in their zeal for the y's service at sea. The voluntary suffrage of the Gree the coasts and islands of the Ægæan first placed At e head of the confederation formed for the further pro the war against Persia. But this titular ascendency w onverted by her into practical and arbitrary dominion -otected them from piracy and the Persian power, whi ll into decrepitude and decay, but she exacted in ret icit obedience to herself. She claimed and enforced a ive of taxing them at her discretion, and proudly refuse countable for her mode of expending their supplies. ance against her assessments was treated as factious ty, and refusal to pay was promptly punished as revol itting and encouraging her subject allies to furnish a ntingents in money, instead of part consisting of ships a e sovereign republic gained the double object of train In citizens by constant and well-paid service in her fle seeing her confederates lose their skill and discipline n, and become more and more passive and powerles r yoke. Their towns were generally dismantled, wh perial city herself was fortified with the greatest ca mptuousness; the accumulated revenues from her tri ving to strengthen and adorn to the utmost her hav cks, her arsenals, her theatres, and her shrines, and r in that plenitude of architectural magnificence, the ich still attest the intellectual grandeur of the age a

e truth, that the unjust hatred ced them to be unjust to others y must be powerful; and to be I coerce their neighbors. They g any franchise, or share in oflously monopolized every post and judicial power; exposing flinching gallantry; embarking e; and never suffering difficulty y of purpose in the hope of acheir country, and the means of housand citizens who made up ive devotion to military occupances and arts in which Athens n of intellectual splendor. speaks of the Athenian empire

tes.

The language of the stage but the number of the dependen the Peloponnesian confederEly very great. With a few trif the Ægæan, and all the Greek

I the coasts of Asia Minor, the
ibute to Athens, and implicitly
Sea was an Attic lake.
πωτέρου κατείργεσθαι.—THvc., i., 77.

West

nt enterpri
enemies at their
but he also taugh
and when Pericles
fostered overleaped
When her bitter en
in inducing Sparta
of five sixths of the
jealousy and bitter
in numbers and equ
the Persians were p
it waste to the city
would be reduced, in
mit to the requisitio
cations, by which she
gave her, in those ag
position. Pericles ha
Every Athenian in th
indeed, whose memb
ceeded thirty thousan
half Sussex, could on
Athens once held, by

to service in its fleet
which she sent out,
hired mariners and sl

was Athenian, and a
citizens. It was by
tice in seamanship, a
cipline gave
ister mainly encoura
Lacedæmon and her

them

Ove

nemies at their own doors. He taught Athens this but he also taught her to know and to use her own nd when Pericles had departed, the bold spirit which ostered overleaped the salutary limits which he had p When her bitter enemies, the Corinthians, succeeded, in

inducing Sparta to attack her, and a confederacy wa f five sixths of the continental Greeks, all animated b ealousy and bitter hatred of Athens; when armies fa numbers and equipment to those which had marche he Persians were poured into the Athenian territory, waste to the city walls, the general opinion was tha ould be reduced, in two or three years at the farthes it to the requisitions of her invaders. But her stro tions, by which she was girt and linked to her princip ave her, in those ages, almost all the advantages of a osition. Pericles had made her trust to her empire of very Athenian in those days was a practiced seaman. deed, whose members, of an age fit for service, at no eded thirty thousand, and whose territorial extent did If Sussex, could only have acquired such a naval dor hens once held, by devoting, and zealously training, a service in its fleets. In order to man the numerou nich she sent out, she necessarily employed large nu red mariners and slaves at the oar; but the staple of 1 is Athenian, and all posts of command were held izens.

It was by reminding them of this, of their l e in seamanship, and the certain superiority which ›line gave them over the enemy's marine, that their g er mainly encouraged them to resist the combined cedæmon and her allies. He taught them that Athe