which its arrival had produced abated. The Syracusans and rk along Epipolæ from the city ines of circumvallation which which he had been driven by succeed in storming this outAthenian troops on the high be able to resume the circumhe conqueror of Syracuse; for, ere completed, the number of ad garrisoned the place would f provisions and accelerate its irst made on the outwork in the › view of blinding the besieged ions than with any expectation with every disadvantage of the , when the darkness had set in, columns, each soldier taking nd the engineers and workmen with their tools, and all portso as at once to secure any adnight gain. Thus equipped and the foot of the southern flank the interior of the island, till narrow ridge that forms the exg westward. He then wheeled hem rapidly up the paths that nd succeeded in completely sur y amid the general federates, one body of their Baotian a Epipolæ, outside t tian infantry forme of flight around th This was th ans. was disorganized b the unexpected ch der, and of the m confusion upon the ued to press forwa Syracusans passed treme of vengeful ly assailed the emb the officers of the din and the shout upon a night enga combatants were even area, the n though many con the moonlight sho without concert or deadly chaos, Ath * Ἦν μὲν γὰρ σελί τὴν μὲν ὄψιν τοῦ σώ THỤC., lib.vii, 44. ment in the civil wa verat fortuna, done lib. iii., sec. 23. ans. amid the general consternation of the Syracusans and federates, one body of infantry stood firm. This was of their Baotian allies, which was posted low down t Epipolæ, outside the city walls. Coolly and steadily tian infantry formed their line, and, undismayed by t of flight around them, advanced against the advanci This was the crisis of the battle. But the Ath was disorganized by its own previous successes; and, the unexpected charge thus made on it by troops in der, and of the most obstinate courage, it was drive confusion upon the other divisions of the army, that S ued to press forward. When once the tide was thus Syracusans passed rapidly from the extreme of panic treme of vengeful daring, and with all their forces they ly assailed the embarrassed and receding Athenians. the officers of the latter strive to re-form their line. din and the shouting of the fight, and the confusion i upon a night engagement, especially one where many combatants were pent and whirled together in a narro even area, the necessary maneuvers were impractic though many companies still fought on desperately, the moonlight showed them the semblance of a foe,* t without concert or subordination; and not unfrequently deadly chaos, Athenian troops assailed each other. Ke * Ην μὲν γὰρ σελήνη λαμπρὰ, ἑώρων δὲ οὕτως ἀλλήλους, ὡς ἐν τὴν μὲν ὄψιν τοῦ σώματος προορᾷν τὴν δὲ γνῶσιν τοῦ οἰκείου ἀπ THUC., lib. vii., 44. Compare Tacitus's description of the ni ment in the civil war between Vespasian and Vitellius. "Ne verat fortuna, donec adultâ nocte, luna ostenderet acies, falleretq lib. iii., sec. 23. lleys were utterly destroyed or iers who escaped death in disattempt to force a retreat into prisoners of war; Nicias and in cold blood, and their men Syracusan dungeons, or were sons whom, in their pride of to enslave. e independent nations of the d. She, indeed, continued to emies and revolted allies with more years of varying warfare ed to their arms. But no sucever have restored her to the ces, and maritime skill which everses in Sicily. Nor among er own rashness aided to crush ganizing her empire, or resume dominion of Western Europe to dispute two centuries later, with even higher displays of thens had witnessed either in the government o potami. Athens c 404. Athens su 403. Thrasybulu 399. In this and with orders to help the Lacedæmonian fleet against the 406. Agrigentum taken by the Carthaginians. 405. The last Athenian fleet destroyed by Lysande otami. Athens closely besieged. Rise of the power us at Syracuse. 404. Athens surrenders. End of the Peloponne The ascendency of Sparta complete throughout Greec 403. Thrasybulus, aided by the Thebans and with ance of one of the Spartan kings, liberates Athens Thirty Tyrants, and restores the democracy. 401. Cyrus the Younger commences his expedition er Asia to dethrone his brother Artaxerxes Mnemon. with him an auxiliary force of ten thousand Greeks. d in battle at Cunaxa, and the ten thousand, led by ffect their retreat in spite of the Persian armies and t bstacles of their march. 399. In this and the five following years, the Laced nder Agesilaus and other commanders, carry on war a ersian satraps in Asia Minor. 396. Syracuse besieged by the Carthaginians, and su efended by Dionysius. 394. Rome makes her first great stride in the care uest by the capture of Veii. 393. The Athenian admiral, Conon, in conjunction 'ersian satrap Pharnabazus, defeats the Lacedæmonia nidus, and restores the fortifications of Athens. Sev ormer allies of Sparta in Greece carry on hostilities ag 388. The nations of Northern Europe now first app hentic history. The Gauls overrun great part of Italy LEON. refuge bes. Macedon. out in Greece, and lasts three mpt of Athens to regain her old born. with the Samnites: they extend ⇒ end of this obstinate contest is Italy. Carthaginians upon Syracuse. at slaughter. ederate armies of Athens and cedonian supremacy over Greece d Alexander the Great becomes eral victories over the northern acedonia, and destroys Thebes, ns, had taken up arms against lespont. Asia beheld with asto hero, the sweep of whos own barbaric kings, or like the transient whirl edonian leader was no 1 power took root, and th planted from the shores Caspian and the great exist actually for nearly forever. ARNOLD. A LONG and not u trious men whose cha times from aspersion them. The spirit of ern scholarship, both sure, or dismissed fr |