PARTICIPLES.

Read again par. 57, and work again Exercise 54.

328. Every Verb has two chief Participles, the Present and the Perfect.'

329. The Present Participle is always formed by adding -ing to the Verb; as, work, work-ing; play, play-ing; read, read-ing.

The spelling of the Verb is sometimes changed a little before the -ing is added.

(1) When a Verb ends in e after a consonant, the e is dropped ; as love, lov-ing; convince, convinc-ing; make, mak-ing.

A Verb ending in e not after a consonant does not change ; hie, hieing; hoe, hoe-ing; see, see-ing.

Note, however, die, dy-ing ; lie, ly-ing.

(2) When a Verb of one syllable ends in a single consonant with a single vowel before it the consonant is doubled; as, rob, robb-ing; sin, sinn-ing; bud, budd-ing.

This rule also applies to Verbs of more than one syllable when the accent falls on the last syllable; as, rebel, rebell-ing; commit, committ-ing.

Exercise 152.

Write the Present Participles of

a. Beat. Break. Speak. Steal. Drink. Sing. Swear. Tread. Ring. Shrink. Spring. Blow. Grow. Know. Throw. Slay. Fly. Buy. Saw. Sow. Lay.

b. Weave. Choose. Freeze. Strike. Drive. Give. Rise. Smite. Shake. Stride. Thrive. Write. Take. Bite. Chide. Hide. Slide. Seethe.

c. See. Flee. Shoe. Hoe. Hie. Eye. Agree. Dye.

d. Bid. Spin. Spit. Get. Win. Run. Cut. Hit. Knit. Put. Shed. Shut. Split. Beg. Bet. Blot. Brag. Cram.

Swim.

1 See notes to par. 320. The Present Participle is called by some grammarians the Imperfect, and by some the Active; the Perfect Participle is also called the Past and the Passive. Participles can be Active or Passive only when the Verb is Transitive.

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e. Begin.

Admit.

Annul. Appal. Aver. Bedim. Commit. Compel. Concur. Defer. Dispel. Equip.

f. Model. Tremble.

Abet. Abhor. Acquit.

Travel. 'Offer.

Annoy.
Purchase.

Collect.
Prefer.
Gather.

Scatter. Revel.
Detail.
Release.
Fasten.

Untie. Allege. Arrest. Defeat. Confer. Collate. Differ. Chatter.

Exercise 153.

Pick out the Present Participles and say with what Noun or Pronoun each is used.

We saw a boy beating his donkey. The boy speaking to my sister is Jack Adams. The master caught his servant stealing hay. The grass growing by the river is long and juicy. The arrow, glancing off a tree, hit the king. A hunter, shooting in the wood, found a badger. And children coming home from school

Look in at the open door.

He hears his daughter's voice
Singing in the village choir.

Toiling, rejoicing, sorrowing,

Onward through life he goes.

There's a merry brown thrush sitting up in a tree.

Then down a green plain, leaping, laughing, they run.

The man, thus clamoring, was, I scarce need say,
No officer of ours.

a picture
330. The Present Participle of a Transitive Verb takes an
Object; as, "The boy painting [Pres. Part.]
[Obj.] is my brother."

This is why the Present is sometimes called the Active Participle.

Exercise 154.

Pick out the Present Participles and the words which they govern in the Objective Case.

The My friends, expecting me, did not go out. Do you see that little girl blowing bubbles? The boys throwing snowballs hurt an old man. horses drawing the cart are thin. The men mowing the hay are Mr. White's workmen. The lady riding a bay horse is Miss Johnson.

331. The Perfect Participle is formed in several ways. It is that part of the Verb used after "I have"; thus

Remember that the "I have" is no part of the Participle.

Exercise 155.

Write down the Perfect Participles of

Bloom. Start. Sail. Arrive. Open. Play. Call. Look. Climb. Talk. Act. Plow. Live. Owe. Gaze. Dye. Lye. Lay. Flee. Fly. Forget. Cling.

Drive. Swear. Beat.

Make. Go. Strike. Mow. Sow. Fall.

Exercise 156.

Pick out the Perfect Participles and say with what Noun or Pronoun each is used.

The task begun on Monday was very hard. I saw the book spoiled by Mary. The prisoner found guilty escaped. The trench dug across the street is full of water. Seed dropped by the roadside sprang up.

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The fire fanned by the wind grew very fierce. The army hemmed in on all sides surrendered. The fox hidden behind some bushes hoped to escape the farmer's notice. The signal flashed along the coast roused the sailors.

Just to do good it seemed to move
Directed by the hand of love.

Up rose old Barbara Frietchie then,
Bowed with her four score years and ten.

The wild beast stopped amazed.

The wretch, concentred all in self,

Living shall forfeit fair renown,

And doubly dying shall

go down

To the vile dust from whence he sprung,
Unwept, unhonored, and unsung.

Read again par. 59, and work again Exercise 55.

332. Both the Present and the Perfect Participle may be used as a Participial Adjective; as "Blotting paper,” “a withered branch."

Exercise 157.

Pick out the Participles and say whether they are

a. Present.

b. Perfect.

c. Present used as Adjectives.
d. Perfect used as Adjectives.

His withered cheek and tresses gray
Seemed to have known a better day.
The harp, his sole remaining joy,
Was carried by an orphan boy.

...

The hawthorn bush with seats beneath the shade
For talking age and whispering lovers made.

Shining eyes, very blue,

Opened very wide.

...

Nay, start not at the sparkling light.
His tuneful brethren all were dead,
And he, neglected and oppressed,
Wished to be with them, and at rest.

All day the low hung clouds

Have dropped their garnered fulness down.
There has not been a sound to-day

To break the calm of nature,
Nor motion, I might almost say,
Of life, or living creature,
Of waving bough or warbling bird,
Or cattle faintly lowing;

I could have half believed I heard
The leaves and blossoms growing.
Well rewarded if I spy

Pleasure in thy glancing eye.

You little twinkling stars that shine.
The valley smiled in living green.

In an attitude imploring,
Hands upon his bosom crossed,
Wondering, worshiping, adoring,
Knelt the monk in rapture lost.

Sweet Auburn, loveliest village of the plain,
Where health and plenty cheered the laboring swain,
Where smiling spring its earliest visit paid,
And parting summer's lingering blooms delayed.
Toiling, rejoicing, sorrowing,

Onward through life he goes.

With upraised eyes, as one inspired,
Pale Melancholy sat retired.

Something attempted, something done,
Has earned a night's repose.

333. The Present or the Perfect Participle of a Copulative Verb is followed by an Attribute; as,

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Being ill at the time, I had to stay at home."

Seeming already a man, this fellow is only a boy."

Being yet thought poor, Amos did not trouble to prove he was wealthy."

"Grown timid now, the creature never leaves his hiding place." "Having been a true soldier during all his service, he died like one when his hour came."