Read again par. 71. Yes, yea, and ay are generally called Adverbs of Affirmation; no and nay are generally called Adverbs of Negation. Exercise 176. Pick out the Adverbs of Assertion in Exercise 61. 414. Adverbs may limit not only words (as, "The apples are nearly ripe "), but phrases (as, "The apples are nearly of a size;" where "nearly " limits the phrase of a size). Adverbs of Assertion usually modify whole statements, but they may modify or limit any part of a statement, as a word or a phrase ; as, "There stood the tree, certainly fifty feet high" (certainly limits fifty). "I shall see him soon, probably within an hour" (probably limits the phrase within an hour). Exercise 177. Tell what the italicized Adverbs limit in the following sentences. I am much of the same opinion. We watched the bird, now in the tree, now near its little one, fluttering feebly on the ground. I lay there two days, doubtless out of my head most of the time. At last he arrived, perhaps an hour late. My antagonist was a large man, probably of twice my weight. We shall probably see them to-day, surely before Thursday. The man is undoubtedly crazy. He is easily at the head of the list. 415. As we learned in par. 72, some Adverbs are used to ask questions, and are called Interrogative Adverbs. In the sentence, "Why has he come?" why is an Interrogative Adverb; so is it in the sentence, "Mother asks, 'Why has he come?'" But if, instead of using the direct question, we say, "Mother asks why he has come," why is still an Interrogative Adverb, though the sentence is declarative. In such sentences the Interrogative Adverb is used to introduce an indirect or inverted question, and no Conjunction is necessary1 to join the two members, "Mother asks—why 1 The same holds true for Interrogative Pronouns (see par. 251), and for Interroga tive Adjectives (see par. 266), in indirect questions. he has come. 99 The indirect question introduced by the Interrogative Adverb is the Object of the main Verb. Exercise 178. Pick out the Interrogative Adverbs in the following sentences, and tell what they limit or modify. Where did you find it? He retorted, "Why did you run away?" I want to know how this is put together. How much did you pay him? Tell me where you are going. Father asked why I had bought it. I wonder how the bear was caught. The stranger inquired wherein the difference lay. Why do you want to know how ink is made? Where is the Bible verse, "Wherewith shall it be salted?" Did you say when it happened? CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS. 416. There are a few words which are called Conjunctive Adverbs. The most common of these words are: Where and its compounds (as, where-in, where-by, wherefore, etc.), wherever, wheresoever, when, whenever, whence, why, whither, while, as, the.' 417. If I say "This is the place where he lives," we have two statements, "This is the place" and "He lives." Where joins them, and therefore does the work of a Conjunction. But it also modifies the Verb lives. Since it thus does the work of an Adverb as well as of a Conjunction, it is properly termed a Conjunctive Adverb. If the other words in the list be examined in the same way, it will be seen that they, too, are Conjunctive Adverbs,' and that they go with the Verbs which follow them. Examples of Conjunctive Adverbs. I will go where you go. I am ready whenever you are. 1 Note that many of these words may be used as Interrogative Adverbs (see pars. 72 and 415), not only in direct questions but in indirect questions. The last sentence in par. 415 will help much in distinguishing when the words are Interrogative Adverbs. 2 See Notes for Teachers, p. 322, Note 17. This is the cave wherein he lay. I shall remain here while you search. The thief was caught as he climbed from the window. 1 The farther he ran, the louder became the uproar. It shall prosper in the things whereto I sent it. The boy was reading when his master came up. The prisoner was sent back to the place whence he came. 418. The following words are not Conjunctive Adverbs, though at first sight they may seem to be (since they introduce Adverbial Adjuncts): After, before, ere, until, till, and since. If I say “William came after James had left," we have two statements, "William came" and "James had left." After joins them and therefore does the work of a Conjunction. But after does not modify the following Verb, for James did not leave after William came. Hence, as after does not modify any Verb, Adjective, or Adverb, we simply call it a Conjunction. The fact is, that all the six words mentioned may also be used as Prepositions. Thus we say, "I have eaten nothing since morning,” “I remained there till noon. And taking the sentence, "William came after James had left," we may supply a Noun so as to make after a Preposition; as, "William came after [the time when] James had left." But instead of regarding the statement "James had left" as the object of the Preposition after, we had better regard after simply as a Conjunction (of time) joining the two parts of the sentence. Examples of Conjunctions which, at first sight, look like Adverbs. The moon rose after the sun had set. The traveler set out before his friends had come up. It is now three months since we heard from our cousin in India. Come down ere my child die. Do not go out till the storm has abated. 419. The word as requires care. In the sentence "John is as tall as his brother is," the first as is 1 The in such a sentence is about equivalent to the Conjunctive Adverb while (see par. 515). The other the in the sentence is an Adverb of Degree (see par. 412). an Adverb of Degree limiting the Adjective tall; the second as is a Conjunctive Adverb (of Degree). In the sentence "We met the boys as we were coming home," as [when] is a Conjunctive Adverb (of Time). In the sentence "I do not trust him, as he has deceived me," as [= because] is a Conjunction. Exercise 179. Pick out the Conjunctive Adverbs and the Interrogative Adverbs. I remember, I remember The house where I was born, The little window where the sun I know a bank whereon the wild thyme blows. That is the field where the money was found. The reason why he came is not known. The place whither you are traveling is far away. The workman did not hear when he was called. The tree is still lying where it fell. I will look for it wherever I go. He goes out riding whenever he can find time. This is how you ought to write. The Lord preserved David whithersoever he went. Whithersoever it turneth it prospereth. Look to the rock whence ye are hewn. Ye cannot tell whence I come and whither I go. What is the cause wherefore ye are come? Wherever I went was my poor dog Tray. Exercise 180. a. Say what Part of Speech each word printed in italics is. William came first; James came after. William came after me. William came after I had gone. Jill came tumbling after. The mother knew that before. The mother knew that before Saturday. The mother knew that before you told her. My brother cannot stay till then. day. My brother cannot stay till you We ought to have heard ere now. gone. My brother cannot stay till Suncome for him. We shall hear ere many days are The merchant has been here since. The merchant has been here since Monday. The merchant has been here since you left. As the boy was hard-working he got on. We met the boy as he was going to work. The boy was as honest as he was industrious. He said the men seemed to work the less faithfully, the more they were paid. b. Classify the Adverbs in Exercise 62. COMPARISON OF ADVERBS. Read again pars. 278–283. 420. Some Adverbs admit of comparison; thus: Positive Degree. We expect Fred to arrive soon. Comparative Degree. We expect Tom to arrive sooner. Superlative Degree. We expect Edward to arrive soonest. 421. Adverbs are compared like Adjectives. Many Adverbs are formed from Adjectives, as kindly from kind, gently from gentle. Such Adverbs are, of course, longer than the Adjectives from which they were formed, and Adverbs are therefore compared by the addition of more and most oftener than Adjectives are. 422. Some Adverbs are compared irregularly, as:— |