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PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

38. It would be tiresome to repeat a Noun again and again when speaking of any person or thing. It would not sound well, for instance, to say "Edward bought a book; Edward gave the book to Edward's sister; when Edward gave the book to Edward's sister, the sister thanked Edward." It would sound much better to say "Edward bought a book; he gave it to his sister; when he gave it to her, she thanked him."

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Pick out the words which are used instead of Nouns, and say for what Noun each is used.

Jack has a new watch; he often looks at it. Edith plucked a pretty rose and gave it to her mother. Ethel has seen Tom; she met him in the park. Those dogs are well trained; they obey their master when he speaks to them. Mr. Smith spoke to the boys as they were returning from their playground with their bats. The children said that the pony was theirs, but Edward said that it was his, while Jenny said that it was hers. The lads may play when they have done their work. The servant has gone for bread; she will be back with it soon. The master praised the girl because she wrote well. The reapers did not like their dinner; they complained that it was badly cooked. Fred read the stories because he found them interesting. The home of a snail is its shell; the home of a bird is its nest.

Exercise 36.

Put other words for the Nouns where possible.

William has broken William's slate. The boys have lost the boys' ball. Jane has dressed Jane's doll; the doll looks pretty now. Francis has gone home because Francis heard that Francis's father wanted Francis. The watchmaker mended the watch; the watchmaker found that the watch wanted a new spring. James has three pencils in James's hand; the pencils are James's. The mother will let the mother's children play in the garden for a time; when the children's bed is ready the mother will call the children. When the jug fell the jug's handle was broken. Mr. Freeman's brother is like Mr. Freeman. People cannot visit the museum to-day; the museum is closed.

39. If Mr. Smith were speaking to Mr. Brown he would not say, "Mr. Smith is looking for Mr. Smith's overcoat and Mr. Brown is looking for Mr. Brown's umbrella; Mr. Smith hopes that Mr. Smith and Mr. Brown will soon find Mr. Smith's and Mr. Brown's things." He would say "I am looking for my overcoat, and you are looking for your umbrella; I hope that we shall soon find our things."

Similarly,

Instead of saying

1

There is Mr. Smith's; will Mr.
Brown hand it to Mr. Smith?
And here is Mr. Brown's; now let
Mr. Smith and Mr. Brown go.

Mr. Smith would say

There is mine; will you hand it to me?

And here is yours; now let us go.

40. The person speaking does not use his own name, but says I, my, mine, me. When speaking of himself and others, he says we, our, ours, us.

Instead of the name of the person to whom he is speaking, he says you, your, yours. Formerly ye was also used. Formerly, too, the person speaking used sometimes to say (as certain people sometimes say now) thou, thy, thine, thee, to the person spoken to.

1 See "Notes for Teachers," p. 323, Note 24.

Exercise 37.

Pick out the words used instead of the names of the persons speaking or of the persons spoken to.

We had a

Tom lives

Nathan

I am going to school. You are a good boy. Have you seen your brother to-day? I met my sister in the town. I like my new book; do you like yours? My mother gave me a bat; ask yours to give you a ball. The apple is mine. We shall see our parents soon. letter from our uncle. Our aunt is going to send us a pony. near us. When do your holidays begin? Ours begin next week. said unto David, "Thou art the man." Except ye repent, ye shall all likewise perish. How long, ye simple ones, will ye love simplicity? Where is thy father? Why shouldest thou die before thy time? book is thine. I saw thee there. That thy trust may be in the Lord I have made known to thee this day.

The

41. In speaking of James, Mary, or the dog, we do not say "James hurt James," "Mary hurt Mary," "The dog hurt the dog." We say instead "James hurt himself," Mary hurt herself," "The dog hurt itself."

Similarly, we use instead of names or Nouns the words myself, thyself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, themselves.'

Exercise 38.

Pick out the words used instead of names or Nouns.

The boy got himself ready for school. The girl bought herself a new dress. The children made themselves late. We enjoyed ourselves. I gave myself a treat. The monkey saw itself in the glass. The plate did not break itself. The ladies dressed themselves in their best clothes. You can trust yourself to his care. You should have more faith in yourself. A selfish person loves himself too much. The travelers found themselves far from any house.

42. The words we have been picking out in these exercises are called Personal Pronouns. There are other kinds of Pronouns, which we shall learn about later.

1 See "Notes for Teachers," p. 319, Note 5.

Learn

43. A Pronoun' is a word used instead of a Noun.2

Exercise 39.

Pick out the Pronouns.

Mr. Smith called and he brought you a letter from your cousin. Yesterday was Griffith's birthday, and I sent him a present. The teacher has heard our spelling and set us some algebra. Ellen has mended her apron. The horse fell and grazed its knee. Our parents love us. We deceive ourselves. Have you warmed yourself? We have. If you prick us, do we not bleed? Philip talked about himself. Henry said that he could not help being late. Mary says that she has finished her · sewing. The children had their dinner in the garden. ners entice thee, consent thou not.

Suppose, my little lady,

Your doll should break her head,
Could you make it whole by crying
Till your eyes and nose are red?

I a child, and thou a lamb,
We are called by his name;

Little lamb, God bless thee.

"I wish, my old Aunt Dorking,"
He began to her one day,
"That you wouldn't sit all summer
In your nest upon the hay."

And so Tom awoke and we rose in the dark

And got with our bags and our brushes to work ;

My son, if sin

Though the morning was cold, Tom was happy and warm ;
So if all do their duty they need not fear harm.

Good people all of every sort,

Give ear unto my song,

And if you find it wondrous short-
It cannot hold you long.

1 Latin pro, meaning for, instead of.

See "Notes for Teachers," p. 319, Note 6.

If you have tears, prepare to shed them now.
You all do know this mantle; I remember
The first time ever Cæsar put it on;
'Twas on a summer's evening in his tent,
That day he overcame the Nervii.

Kind souls, what, weep you, when you but behold
Our Cæsar's vesture wounded? Look ye here,
Here is himself, marr'd, as you see, with traitors.

O night and darkness, ye are wondrous strong!

O ye hard hearts, ye cruel men of Rome!

They name thee before me,

A knell to mine ear;
A shudder comes o'er me-
Why wert thou so dear?

Exercise 40.

Put Pronouns instead of Nouns where possible.

a. The man cut the man's finger. The lady missed the lady's watch; the lady had left the watch on the lady's table. Mr. Jones invited the poor men that Mr. Jones might give the poor men a dinner. The coachman heard the coachman called. The thief hid the thief behind a tree. The gentleman mounted the gentleman's horse. When the Normans got to the top of the hill the Normans halted. The merchants formed the merchants into a company. The general placed the general at the head of the general's men. Harold had commanded that Harold's men should not quit the men's ranks, but when the men saw the men's enemies flying down the hill, the men forgot Harold's command and rushed after the enemies.

Alfred and

b. Alfred met Alfred's mother with Edward's just now. Edward will see Alfred's and Edward's fathers in the park. Alfred heard that Edward had cut Edward's finger. Edward must be very tired after Edward's long walk. What an interesting lesson Alfred and Edward's teacher gave Alfred and Edward yesterday. Alfred's new knife is very sharp. Will Edward lend Alfred Edward's grammar? Alfred hit Alfred with Alfred's bat. Did Edward hurt Edward when Edward fell? 1 Alfred is speaking to Edward in all the sentences of this group.

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