7. A Noun or a Pronoun in Apposition with another Noun or Pronoun is in the same Case with it (149, 150, 164, 179).

8. A Noun or Pronoun directly limiting a Noun or a Gerund denoting a different person or thing is in the Possessive Case (169).

9. Nouns or Pronouns used exclamatorily (as a rule), or used in addressing a person, or used with a Participle, but not governed according to any of the above rules, are in the Nominative Absolute Case (151, 152).

555. Rules of Agreement.

10. The form of a Verb should agree with its Subject in respect to Person and Number (364, 385). [Two or more Singular Subjects connected by and take a Verb in the Plural; and two or more Singular Subjects connected by or take a Verb in the Singular (387, 389)].

11. Verbs in Subordinate Clauses, and Verbals, must be of a form, as respects Tense or Mood, not conflicting with the Tense or the Mood of the principal Verb.

12. A Pronoun agrees with its Antecedent in Gender, Person, and Number (218, 219, 245).

13. The Adjectives this and that agree with their Nouns in Number (253).

556. Rules of Use.

14. An Infinitive may be used as a Noun, except as a Noun in the Possessive Case (321).

15. An Infinitive may be used as an Adjective modifier or as an Adverbial modifier (323).

16. Adjective elements may be used as Attributes, or as modifiers of Nouns, Pronouns, or Gerunds (54, 302, 342, 467).

17. Adverbial elements modify Verbs, Verbals, Adjectives, Adverbs, Phrases, or whole statements (414).

18. A Prepositional Phrase may be used as an Attribute, as an Adjective modifier, or as an Adverbial modifier (465, 466, 471).

19. Coördinating Conjunctions join similar elements (436). 20. Subordinating Conjunctions join Subordinate Clauses to the words they modify (87, 437).

Exercises on the Rules of Syntax, and on Correctness in Inflections.

Exercise 231.

Correct the Case-forms of the Pronouns in the following sentences, according to Rules 1 to 7 (par. 554).

1. Who did you buy that from? 2. Did you think John was me? 3. Who did you take me to be? 4. Whom would you like to be? 5. This is a matter for you and I to decide at once. 6. We depend upon father, as he who is alone able to provide for us. 7. Now suppose that person were me, what should I have done? 8. Who do you think I saw? 9. Whom do you think he was? 10. With respect to you and he, I think Mr. Flint's behavior was proper enough. 11. I should like to know who is the taller, you or me. 12. Call Dr. Jacobs, he who was at our neighbor's last week. 13. Let you and I go before the others. 14. I will report whomsoever is responsible for this delay. 15. I spoke to several persons standing near Mr. Patterson, but not he. 16. A person whom I think was Mr. Thompson came down the street. 17. I never saw such another untidy girl as her. 18. It is not me who you ought to blame for it. 19. I believe my cousin is as tall as me. 20. You could never be thought him by anyone who knows him. 21. I should like to meet whoever this letter came from. 22. Whom do you suppose is the author of that book? 23. I proved it to be she who we ought to blame. 24. John and me were given tickets for the show. 25. He asked me whom it was. 26. I am not sure who I should ask for. 27. To give me the pony, the most beautiful pony ever seen,-I who had never thought of such a thing-that was my uncle's plan. 28. They who are industrious time will duly reward. 29. There is small likeness between the poor Chinaman who works in a laundry and Prince Sheng, he who rules a whole province. 30. Who are you determined to send on such an expedition?

Exercise 232.

Correct the writing of the Nouns in the Possessive Case in the following sentences.

[Read again pars. 170-173 and 177.]

1. We have one of Hall's and Martin's safes. 2. Mr. Perkins' house is afire. 3. Is this Brown or Murray's Grammar? 4. These are girl's hats. 5. I want either John or William's book. 6. Mr. Williams' store is the best in town. 7. Oliver Twist is one of Dickens' works. 8. Where is Harrington's and White's law office? 9. I wish to find Mr. Stafford and Mr. Rugg's houses. 10. We are visiting at the Jones's cottage. 11. Mrs. Moss' daughter is living at the Davises's this summer. 12. Here they sell childrens' clothing. 13. I said either Coffin or Wood's carriage would do. 14. I called at the Boardman's on the way home. 15. It is time we heard from the Robinsons's doctor.

Exercise 233.

In the following sentences use Possessives before the Gerunds, and tell from the meaning why the sentences as given are incorrect.

[Read again par. 342, and compare par. 324.]

1. I heard of you having met with an accident. 2. I believe they left on account of him coming there. 3. I have confidence in them doing all that is necessary. 4. Because of the wind blowing so hard we could not go sailing. 5. We were disappointed at your two sisters not having been there. 6. I do not like Miss Carter having spoken as she did. 7. Do not be afraid of me saying anything about it. 8. On account of the sea being rough we postponed our starting. 9. You not having been more prompt was what caused all the trouble. 10. They having been so cordially received is the reason for Mrs. Weatherby being so good-tempered. 11. I have no doubt of both houses being burned to the ground by this time.

Exercise 234,

In the following sentences select from the words given in parentheses, and give the reason for your selection.

[Read again pars. 348 and 374.]

a. (Assertions.) 1. I (will, shall) have to go now. 2. I (will, shall) do as I please about this matter. 3. He told me he (should, would) see

about it. 4. He said, "I (shall, will) see about it." 5. There (shall, will) not be one stone of it left upon another. 6. William said, "I (shall, will) come to dinner in a few minutes." 7. William said he (would, should) come to dinner soon. 8. He asked me if I (should, would) do him the favor he mentioned, and I said I (should, would) not be able. 9. If you (would, should) be there, I hope you (shall, will) win the prize. 10. They (will, shall) do as I say, you may depend upon it.

b. (Questions.) 1. (Shall, will) you, as you wish, be at the church tonight? 2. (Shall, will) you go with me? 3. (Will, shall) I ever see this place again, I wonder? 4. (Shall, will) John and you be on hand for the ball-game? 5. (Shall, will) he come now, as you desire, or (shall, will) I have to bring him? 6. (Shall, will) you and I go for the spring-water now? 7. (Will, shall) not Helen and Maud do as you asked them to do? 8. Since he wishes it, why (would, should) you not do it? 9. Do you insist that he (shall, will) pay the money?

Exercise 235.

In the following sentences make the Verbs agree in Number with their Subjects.

[Read again pars. 385–390.]

1. Each of them say this is no time for it. 2. I wonder which one of the girls do this finer work. 3. Whether the dog or the cat were domesticated by this people are not known. 4. Neither of these stores have any hammocks. 5. Both the man and his son earns a living by fishing. 6. Either you or I are to go. 7. Mr. Marvin does not know whether you or he have been chosen. 8. Do you think Mary or I is the best one to make it? 9. Every one of the rocks are covered with sea-weed. 10. It is said that almost everybody, while reading that book, are unable to keep from crying. 11. There are a kind of purple shell found here, which are considered beautiful. 12. Each of these boxes that are made of cherry wood contain rose-leaves. 13. A few days by the sea are all we want. 14. I am informed that this jury is all married men.

Exercise 236.

In the following sentences correct the forms used for the Past Tense and the Perfect Participle.

1. Jack has beat his brother. 2. The children had began to learn French. 3. The man had broke his leg. 4. My father has just came

back from France. 5. The dog has ate its dinner. 6. The dog laid on the mat. 7. Mary has a headache and is laying down. 8. She has already sang two songs. 9. Who rung the bell? 10. The child has drank the medicine. 11. I had fell and hurt my leg. 12. The fight begun at nine o'clock. 13. I had scarcely set down before the rector come in. 14. They have swam across the river. 15. They drunk some lemonade after they had drank the milk. 16. When I saw him I run away as fast as I could. 17. They said he had stole it and eat it. 18. The lion has laid down in the corner of his cage.

Exercise 237.

Correct the Tense-forms used in the following sentences.

[Note (1) that have forms a Perfect Tense, and therefore helps to denote completed action. There is a difference in meaning between "I hope to read the book this morning" and "I hope to have read the book this morning."

(2) Statements of permanent facts are put in the Present, as, "He told me where the Yosemite Valley is."

(3) The tenses in Subordinate Clauses must bear a reasonable relation to the tenses of the principal Verbs.]

1. He wished me to have gone with the others. 2. He said he has not seen his brother for years. 3. The invalid has appeared to have improved in health these last few weeks. 4. Mr. Davis wished us to have dined with him, but we were obliged to have declined. 5. When I got there I found that he went the day before. 6. I wrote with ink that I supposed to be black at one time, but that was now yellowish. 7. I journeyed all that distance only to have found that the horse was sold the week before. 8. The professor proved that sodium was a metal. 9. We learned that the fir-tree was a cone-bearing tree. 10. He argued that Shakspere's works were superior to Milton's. 11. I have always supposed that the horizon was defined as the line in which the earth and the sky seem to meet. 12. I was surprised to have seen that the Connecticut was so large a river. 13. On reaching the villa Reginald found that Hartleigh is gone. 14. I ascend the hill and see that the herds were moving south 15. He told me a year ago that he is of the same opinion still.