Exercise 238.

In the following sentences use the Indicative or the Subjunctive Mood, according to the meanings intended.

[Read again pars. 312, 313, 317.]

1. If it (rain, rains) to-night I (shall, will) not go. 2. And what if I (was, were) to do it? 3. If the water (rise, rises) much higher the dam may break. 4. He wondered whether I (shall, should) be of the same opinion to-morrow. 5. Supposing the wind (was, were) to change, we might have our sail to-day. 6. I do not doubt that he (be, is) the very same man. 7. If I (was, were) you, I (should, would) not care to go there again. 8. If I (was, were) ever there, I do not remember the place now. 9. If that man (be, is) Mr. Edmunds he has certainly changed a great deal. 10. Though he (be, is) ill, he is in no great danger. 11. Though he (slay, slays) me, yet (will, shall) I trust him. 12. Lest you (are, be) captured, you had better remain with the soldiers. 13. If a mouse (is, be) put in a box with no air-hole it will die. 14. I doubt whether I (was, should have been) so patient. 15. If this rock (was, were, had been) softer, it could not have been used to make hammers and axes.

Exercise 239.

Make the Pronouns in the following sentences agree with their Antecedents.

1. No person should leave their money in their room. 2. Each one of us takes their exercise at ten o'clock. 3. Both of those men think too much of his own interest. 4. Either of these tables will do by themselves. 5. If you want any one of these trunks, you had better take them now. 6. If anyone has lost their handkerchief they may find it here at the close of the meeting. 7. Whichever drew the longest splint had to take off their shoes, wade ashore, and tow the boat to the bridge. 8. Each of the members still owing for their materials must pay their bills to-day or to-morrow. 9. No one should lose his or her temper so easily.' 10. Any of those houses will be large enough of themselves for all our needs. 11. Any purchaser of our goods who are not satisfied with them may return them within a week. 12. Every one of the guests

1 In this sentence the antecedent no one is of Common Gender, but as English has no Personal Pronoun of the Common Gender, Third Person, the Masculine he, his, him, is used. It is not necessary to say or her, nor is it good usage.

that is to arrive to-day has been here before, so each one know where to find what he or she wants.

Exercise 240.

Correct the following sentences so as to use Adjectives and Adverbs as they should be used.

[Read again pars. 303, 424, 425.]

1. Don't strike so hardly. 2. The moon looks beautifully to-night. 3. He did that trick very good. 4. This dinner tastes very nicely. 5. Mr. Booth walked very slow, leaning on his cane. 6. The waves dash highly on that rocky coast. 7. At length the flags, at a sudden signal, all fluttered wild in the breeze. 8. She is considered handsomely by her admirers. 9. I never before saw the sun shining so mild, as it was that day. 10. See how swift that boat is sailing.

Exercise 241.

In the following sentences correct the choice or the improper omission or insertion of the Articles.

[Read again pars. 272, 273, 276.]

1. Bulgaria is an European country. 2. There were the house and barn close together. 3. He is a gentleman and scholar. 4. Here come the President and Secretary of State. 5. Both the milk and water are bad. 6. He is the equal or superior of any of his companions. 7. At the light-house they have a fog-bell and fog-horn. 8. Father bought us a hammock and croquet set. 9. The table and chair are new. 10. The movement of waves and gliding of snakes are very similar. 11. Do you like the red and the blue rug better? 12. The French and German troops fought side by side.

Exercise 242.

Correct the following sentences so as to make the arrangement show to what Nouns or Pronouns the Participles, Gerunds, or Adjectives refer or belong.

[Read again pars. 335, 341.]

1. On returning to the city, it was found that the whole family had gone. 2. Turning the corner suddenly a strange scene was before us.

3. Tired of the country, it was decided that we return home. 4. This pronoun is used when speaking of more than one. 5. When all ready to go an accident occurred that delayed us an hour. 6. After washing any. thing in flamine the article cannot be set on fire. 7. After bathing the foot in hot water the pain diminished. 8. Bound for the same place as ourselves we found two French travelers. 9. Blotted and smeared with ink, we had to send the letter without waiting to copy it. 10. Approv ing of this idea the wounded horse was killed at once, and we resumed the march.

Exercise 243.

Correct the use of Conjunctions in the following sentences. [(a) Read again par. 452.

(b) According to Rule 19, par. 556, the use of and before a Relative Pronoun is incorrect unless it connects two Relative Clauses having the same Antecedent.

(c) After a negative prefer so to as.]

1. Do like I do. 2. He talks like he knew how to sail a boat. 3. He is a man of some ability and who has held several offices in this county. 4. He spoke his oration like he had studied it thoroughly. 5. He is not as well as he thinks he is. 6. He can do the work just so well as I. 7. No man unable to read and who cannot write his name ought to be allowed to vote. 8. The child is not sleeping as well as usual. 9. I bought a chair of solid mahogany and which had inlaid work on it.

PART IV.

HISTORY AND DERIVATION.

HISTORY.

557. The Aryans.—Many, many centuries ago, long before history began to be written, a nation whom we call the Aryans lived in Central Asia. After they had lived together for a very great while, bands of them began to wander away from the old home. One band pressed to the south-east and settled in the countries now named Persia and India. Other bands spread westward and occupied nearly all the countries of Europe. A troop which divided at the north of the Adriatic Sea settled in Greece and in Italy. Another troop, the Kelts, occupied the British Islands, Gaul, and part of Spain. From them are descended the Welsh, the Highlanders of Scotland, the Irish, and the Bretons of to-day. The Kelts were followed, and in some cases conquered, by the Teutons, from whom come the English, the Germans, and the Scandinavians. The Teutons were followed by the Slaves,' from whom are descended the Russians, the Poles, and some of the other inhabitants of Eastern Europe.

558. The Aryan Languages.—We get our knowledge of the parent stock by comparing the languages of the nations which have sprung from it. Learned men, on examining the Aryan (or Indo-European 2) tongues, have discovered that there are certain words found in all or nearly all of them. These words must therefore have been in use before

1 The word Slaves does not here mean bondmen.

2 Called Indo-European because spoken in India and in Europe.

the dispersion, and the things which they name and the actions which they denote must have been familiar to the original people. Their language "contained words for all the common relations of life-father, mother, brother, sister, son, and daughter. . . . The connections by marriage had their terms; there was a name for the daughter-in-law, 'she who belonged to the son,' for the father-in-law, and for the brother-in-law. . . . The house existed, not the cave or hole in the rock; and it had doors, not the half-underground passage of the Siberians. The people had sheep and herds, the tendance of which was their main employment; and of agriculture we see the beginnings-the knowledge of some one grain, perhaps barley. They had horses to drive (not to ride), and goats, dogs, and bees; from the honey they made a sweet drink; they made clothing of the wool of the sheep and the skins of beasts. They had to guard against the wolf, the bear, and the snake. . . . They dressed their food at the fire, and they were acquainted with soup. They also knew and could work with three metals-gold, silver, and copper. They used in battle the sword and the bow. They made boats, but they knew not the sea. They could reckon up to a hundred, and they divided their time by months according to the moon. In religion they had

no clear term for God, but seemed to have personified the sky as the Heaven-father, the source of light and life. Certainly such a race as this differ widely from the infinite number of savage races which even now occupy the world.”1

559. Grimm's Law.-Though, as we have seen, there are many words common to the various Aryan languages, we must not expect to find them in exactly the same form in all the languages in which they occur. Differences of climate. and of surroundings have, in the course of ages, caused differences in speech. The inhabitants of a warm country, for example, are disinclined to take trouble, and they gradually

1 PEILE, Philology, p. 66.