143. Adverbs are used with Verbs, and as the Predicate always is (or contains) a Verb, Adverbs (or words which do the work of Adverbs) may be made a part of the Predicate. Thus, the sentence "Boys work" may, by additions to the Verb, become

Boys work diligently.

Boys work now.

Boys work in school.

Boys work to please their teacher.

Boys work diligently now in school to please their teacher.

144. As the words used with the Subject, though doing the work of Adjectives, are not always Adjectives, it is convenient to call them Adjuncts'; and as the words used with the Verb, though doing the work of Adverbs, are not always Adverbs, it is convenient to call them also Adjuncts.

145. The Subject with its Adjuncts is called the Complete or Enlarged Subject.

146. A Predicate containing a Verb and Adjuncts is called a Complete or Enlarged Predicate.

Exercise 93.

In the following sentences pick out the Subject and its Adjuncts, the Verb and its Adjuncts, thus:

a. Tom's brother will come to-morrow. The careless girl was looking off her book. The laws of the land were often broken. Pretty flowers grow

1 From the Latin ad, to, and junctus, joined (p.p. of jungere, to join).

in my garden. The nightingale is singing sweetly. The poor slave was crying bitterly. The golden corn was waving in the sun. The great bell is tolling slowly. The tall trees are shaking in the wind. I am going to London next week.

b. Is the little child still sleeping? Did your father write to you yesterday? Was the garden gate closed just now? Have you been waiting long? Have those new houses been let already? Has your garden been thoroughly weeded?

c. Listen carefully. Attend to your teacher. Wait for me down. stairs. Go to bed at once. Speak softly. Run to school.

147. Parsing means telling the facts about the form and class of a word, and its relation to the other words in the sentence.

In parsing a Noun that is in the Nominative Case, say what kind of Noun it is, of what Number and Gender it is, and why it is in the Nominative Case.' Thus the Noun brother in the first sentence of Exercise 93 would be parsed: "Brother, a Common Noun, singular number, masculine gender, in the Nominative Case, subject to the Verb will come.

Exercise 94.

Parse the Nouns and the Pronouns in Exercise 93 that are in the Nominative Case.

Repeat the parts of the verb be.

148. The Verb be has the same Case after it as before it. Thus, in the sentence, "I am the man," I is in the Nominative Case, Subject to am; man is therefore also in the Nominative Case. Parse man as in the Nominative Case after the Verb am.

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Exercise 95.

Give the Case of the words printed in italics.

Nathan said unto David, "Thou art the man." You are a good boy. That is a nightingale. Doctor Faustus was a good man. Old King Cole was a merry old soul. The Thames is a beautiful river. I'm to be

1 The case of a Noun depends upon its relation to other words. Stating this relation is called giving the Construction of the Noun.

queen of the May. The box will be a useful present. We have been friends for many years. I hope that I shall be a scholar some day. Art thou the traitor angel? Art thou he that should come? severe he was.

A man

149. Sometimes a Noun is placed after another Noun or after a Pronoun to show more clearly who or what is meant ; as, "William the Conqueror," "Brown the grocer," "I your father." The Noun so placed is said to be in Apposition to the other Noun or to the Pronoun.

150. Nouns or Pronouns in Apposition have the same Case; as, "Hob the plowman is returning;" "I, George Washington, President of the United States, issue this proclamation."

In the first sentence Hob is in the Nominative Case, Subject to is returning, and plowman is therefore in the Nominative Case also.

In the second sentence I is in the Nominative Case, Subject to the Verb issue, and George Washington and President are, by Apposition with I, both in the Nominative Case also.

Exercise 96.

Parse the Nouns in Apposition.

Paul the Apostle was a Jew. Napoleon the Emperor was sent to St. Helena. William the Conqueror came from Normandy. It was the lark, the herald of the morn. Tom, Tom, the piper's son, stole a pig. The hunters killed Bruin the bear. Highest queen of state, great Juno comes. This is Sullivan the blacksmith's shop. Frank, the jockey, broke his leg.

This gentleman, the prince's near ally,
My very friend, hath got his mortal hurt.

But He, our gracious Master, kind as just,
Knowing our frame, remembers we are dust.

151. When a person (or thing) is called or addressed by name, the name is said to be in the Nominative of Address; '

1 The Nominative of Address in English corresponds to the Vocative in Greek or Latin.

as, "Come to me, O ye children;" "O death, where is thy sting?"

Exercise 97.

Parse the Nouns and Pronouns which are in the Nominative of Address.

O Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo? In truth, fair Montague, I am too fond. O grave, where is thy victory? I pray you, sire, to let me have the honor. O night and darkness, ye are wondrous strong. Exult, ye proud patricians. Put on thy strength, O Zion.

Home of the mighty! can it be
That this is all remains of thee!

To arms to arms! Sir Consul,
Lars Porsena is here.

O Tiber father Tiber,

To whom the Romans pray

152. A Noun (or Pronoun) is said to be in the Nominative Absolute when (being followed by a Participle expressed or understood, or being used merely as an exclamation), its Case is not affected by any other word in the sentence; as, "The sea being calm, we went for a sail;" "He being tired, we sat down;""The mountains rose, peak above peak" (that is, peak being above peak); "Goodness! how tired I am;" "William! what does he know about it ?"

Exercise 98.

Pick out the Nominative Absolute.

Everything being ready, we started. Napoleon having been defeated, there was peace. The storm having abated, the ships ventured to sail. James leaving the country, William was made king. The baby lying asleep, the children were very quiet. Bruce lay down, his heart heavy with sorrow. The soldiers charged, sword in hand. The man listened, his face red with anger. The king returning victorious, the citizens went forth to meet him.

But the lark is so brimful of gladness and love,

The green fields below him, the blue sky above..

London! I never heard of the place. Mercy! what shall I do? Ink what do I want with ink?

OBJECTIVE CASE,

Read again par. 7, and work again Exercise 13.

153. When the Verb in a sentence tells what a person or thing does, the sentence often shows to what person or thing the action is done. Thus, in the sentence "Mary obeys her mother," obeys tells what Mary does, and mother shows whom she obeys; and in the sentence, "Tom lost his slate," lost tells what Tom did and slate shows what he lost.

154. In such a sentence, the name of the person or thing that an action is done to is called the Object of the Verb that expresses the action.

"What?" after the

155. By noticing these sentences it will be seen that the Object can always be found by asking "Whom?" or Verb.

Exercise 99.

Take apart or analyze the following sentences as in par. 154.

Soldiers fight battles. Tom missed Fred. Mary is minding baby. Job showed patience. Abraham had faith. Moses possessed meekness.