Ravens fed Elijah.
Rome.

Solomon obtained wisdom. Romulus founded Cæsar invaded Britain.

156. As the Object, like the Subject, is a Noun (or some word which does the work of a Noun), Adjectives (or words which do the work of Adjectives) may be used with it as with the Subject. Thus the sentence "Boys learn lessons" may, by additions to the object, become

Boys learn the lessons.

Boys learn their lessons.

Boys learn home lessons.

Boys learn difficult lessons.

Boys learn lessons about Verbs.

Boys learn their difficult home lessons about Verbs.

157. The Object with its Adjuncts is called the Complete or Enlarged Object.

Exercise 100.

Take apart or analyze the following sentences, thus :

The servant dusted every room carefully. The firemen threw tons of water on the fire. Little Fred loves his kind sister dearly. Tom's parrot

whistles several tunes correctly. Nellie met her young cousin at the station. We saw our neighbor's three children in the park. Some thief stole the farmer's best horse. A clever policeman caught the artful thief. The heavy rains beat the ripe barley down. The gardener grows fine crops of potatoes. He won several valuable prizes. The tall poppies lifted their gay heads proudly.

Exercise 101.

In the following sentences supply Objects with or without Adjuncts:

We have lost our

The dog has killed ..

The woodman felled The old gardener is watering ... The birds are singing . . The cook is making. William is expecting . . . James dislike, The brave sailor saved . . . The sun gives . . . The children took... The skilful smith made . .

...

158. Every Predicate has a Subject, but it is not every Predicate that contains an Object. If the question "Whom?" or "What?" asked after the Verb gives no answer the Verb has no Object.

Exercise 102.

Pick out the Verbs which have Objects.

William is reading a pretty story. The window has been broken. The child was sleeping. The cook made a nice pudding. The fire is burning brightly. The soldier was wounded in the arm. The girl has found her father. I am looking for my cap. She met her friend at the fair. Mr. Jones lives in Leicester. My father loves me. Jane's new dress has been torn. The carpenter made a wheelbarrow, The wind is blowing fiercely. Tom was beaten. We should love our enemies.

159. The same Verb may have an Object in one sentence and no Object in another; thus:

James is writing. "Is writing what?" No answer; therefore no Object.

James is writing a letter. "Is writing what?” A letter therefore ; an Object, letter.

Exercise 103.

Pick out the sentences which contain Objects.

Mary woke. Mary woke her mother.

Tom is reading "Robinson Crusoe." Tom is reading.

The rain was beating against the window. The driver was beating his horse.

The waves broke on the shore. The poor man broke his arm.
Wasps sting some people. Wasps sting.

Doctors formerly bled their patients. The wound bled freely.
Mary is playing with her doll. Mary is playing the piano.
The wet ground is drying. The sun is drying the wet ground.
The fire was burning brightly. The fire was burning the carpet.
That clock strikes the hours. That clock strikes loudly.

Jane knits. Jane knits stockings for her father.

The workmen are digging. The workmen are digging a ditch.

160. The Object, when a Noun or a Pronoun, is said to be in the Objective Case.

In parsing say that the Noun or the Pronoun is in the Objective Case governed by the Verb.

Exercise 104.

Parse the Nouns in the Objective Case in Exercises 99, 13, and 103.

Read again pars. 79 to 82.

161. Prepositions as well as Verbs govern the Objective Case. The Objective Case is found by asking "Whom?" or "What?" after the Preposition; thus:

Ellen is with her father. Preposition, with. With whom? Her father. Father is in the Objective Case governed by the Preposition with.

162. Every Preposition must always have a Noun or Pronoun in the Objective Case going with it (see paragraph 82), such word being called the object of the Preposition.

(When

we speak simply of "the Object," we mean the Object of the Verb in the statement.)

The object of a Preposition may have Adjuncts of its own, as, "This is the shoe of a large man."

163. A Preposition with its Object (and the Adjuncts, if any) forms what is called a Prepositional Phrase.

Exercise 105.

In Exercises 65 and 67 pick out the Prepositional Phrases. 164. A Noun in Apposition with a Noun or Pronoun that is in the Objective Case is also in the Objective Case. (See par. 150.) Thus :-"I met Hob the plowman." "I live in London, the capital of England." "The children love their uncle, Mr. Holmes."

66

165. Nouns of time, space, and measurement are in the Objective Case without any Verb or Preposition; as, "We lived ten years in France;" Tom walked twenty miles;" “The cloth measures six yards." Such Nouns answer adverbial questions, as, How far? How long? How much? How often?

Exercise 106.

Pick out the Nouns of Time, Space, or Measurement, and give the Case of each.

The hare was caught after running a mile. My friend stayed three weeks. The old man lived ninety years. The field measures fifty acres. The snail crawled a yard an hour. The lawyers smiled that afternoon. We waited a whole day. Seven days, seven nights I saw the curse. The soldier went away a week ago.

The

potatoes weigh a ton. The man sprang back two or three paces. The horse is worth a hundred dollars; the cow is worth thirty dollars. I have told you that three times.

The wretched parents all that night

Went shouting far and wide.

166. Since the Verb be takes the same Case after as before it (see par. 148), the Nouns friend and king in the following sentences are in the Objective Case:

I knew him to be my friend.

They wanted Canute to be their king.

NOTE.-Other uses of the Objective Case will be considered in Part III.; see Index.

Exercise 107.

In the following sentences pick out the Nouns that are in the Objective Case, and give the reason.

That night you took me to be my brother. I want you to be a soldier. That is strange conduct for you, a man forty years old. I have been reading of Louis, King of France, the victim of the Revolution. The chair was broken by Judge Thomson, a man who weighs at least two hundred pounds. Why do you desire him, a fellow who never has studied much, to be a lawyer? Do you take him to be a better scholar than I? Have you seen my son John, Mrs. Brown? Do you want him to be your errand boy?

POSSESSIVE CASE.

167. In the sentence "William lost John's knife," John is the name of the possessor (or owner), and knife is the name of the thing possessed (or owned).

168. Notice how the name of the possessor is written in the following examples :

Singular.

A bird's wings

The man's hat

Moses' life

For goodness' sake

Plural.

The birds' wings
The men's hats

169. A Noun (or Pronoun) which is used so as to show by its form that something belongs to the person or thing denoted by it is said to be in the Possessive Case,