THUNDER-STORMS IN AMERICA.

THE

HE Weather Bureau at Washington began special observations in 1884 for the study of thunderstorms, and the New England Meteorological Society has imitated its example this year. These organisations, as well as individual students of such phenomena, will probably find the recent series of storms much the best which this season has afforded for their purposes. These storms, says an American contemporary, were exceptionally numerous and severe in character, and tend to corroborate some general laws which the Washington Bureau provisionally deduced from last year's investigation. One of those rules is that the great majority of

August 13 at 9 o'clock. August 17 at 94 o'clock. August 20 at 9 o'clock.

thunder-storms occur to the south-eastward of a centre of low barometer. The odd thing about this is that none happen to the north-eastward; for, ordinarily, in storms devoid of electrical phenomena, rain falls in places almost equally numerous on either side of the generally east ward line along which the low centre advances. When the recent series of storms, with lightning, hail or rain, and destructive gales began, on a recent Friday night, in South-eastern Dakota, the greatest barometric depression was in the North-western corner of that Territory. Of the scores of disturbances that ensued, in Southern Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan, Northern Iowa, Illinois, and Indiana, the province of Ontario, New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl

vania, and Virginia, New England and the Eastern provinces, not one, so far as heard from, occurred north of the eastward course of the low centre; and, with few exceptions, all were east of a line dropped southward from it.

The precedents apparently established last year were closely followed in two other respects: the tract of country visited by the rain, hail, lightning, gales, and tornadoes widened, fan-like, as it extended eastward; but the hail generally kept within two or three hundred miles of the low centre. In Dakota the belt of afflicted territory was scarcely a hundred miles wide. Near the Atlantic the storms occurred at intervals from Port Hope, on the Canada side of Lake Ontario, to Woodstock, Va. The hailstorm in north-eastern Pennsylvania was probably the one furthest from the low centre, which at the time was a little west of Ottawa.

Whether any of these local storms travelled more rapidly than the low centre to which they were related, as the Signal Office reports might have led one to expect, does not clearly appear from the current news despatches. Another "preliminary deduction" of the Weather Bureau which was not altogether verified at this time is that the activity of storms dies down at evening and revives in the morning. There were some lively demonstrations in this State and Canada on the Sunday night. A point about which there will be some difference of opinion, too, is whether the destructive waterspouts in Southern Mexico on the Saturday and Sunday were connected with the system of storms under consideration.

How far a conflict between two great air currents of widely different temperatures is to be considered a cause of thunder-storms is not yet determined by scientists. Such a struggle, however, seems to have been closely associated with this particular group. A wave of almost abnormally warm weather which extended from the Gulf of Mexico to Dakota on Friday last rolled steadily eastward the next three days, closely pressed by a cold wave of such intensity that in many places in the NorthWest the temperature in a few hours fell 40° or 50°, and, in at least one instance, 60°. Near the Atlantic seaboard the change was less decided, yet clearly marked.

THE number of visitors to the International Inventions Exhibition for the week ending Aug. 1, was 147,661; total since the opening, 1,866,080.

THE following statistics refer to numbers of locks and keys made during the last seven years by Messrs. Hobbs, Hart, & Co.-viz., 1,734,000 locks, 3,876,000 keys, 8,483,000 screws and stumps for various locks, and 6,700,090 rivetting stumps for inside work. Also 7,300 safes, 2,308 strong-room doors and frames, and 397 ventilating gates. The wages paid during the period amounted to £195,000.

ARE STAYS NECESSARY ?-Many women assert that they derive great comfort from stays, that they support the body admirably, and that without them the wearer feels inclined to "drop to pieces." All this may be perfectly true. But what significance must we attach to the statement that certain women cannot possibly do without stays? Do they mean for one moment to assert that the human body is so ill-constructed and so badly adapted for its purpose in life that it has to depend for its integrity upon the productions of a corset-maker? Such an assumption is simply outrageous, the true explanation being that by the persistent use of stays the muscles of the back have become so enfeebled (from prolonged disuse) that they are no longer able to support the spine. Those who declare, therefore, that they cannot do without stays, adopt the argument of the opium-eater, who maintains that he cannot do without his opium. The long-con. tinued use of the drug has so impaired his system that he feels a constant craving for it. And those who cannot exist unless braced up by corsets have so enfeebled a part of their system that they cannot do without the support upon which they have so long depended. The Book of Health for August.

Reviews.

SOME BOOKS ON OUR TABLE.

Real Property Statutes: comprising those passed during the years 1874-1884 inclusive. By HARRY GREENWOOD, M.A., LL.M., Barrister-at-Law. 2nd edition. (London: Stevens & Sons. 1884.)-This is one of the numerous books evoked by the changes in the laws that regulate Conveyancing practice. The notes seem practical and full. The system of printing sections of an amending Statute in the middle of the Statute amended, of course exhibits the present state of the law at a glance; but it would seem to us to be liable to confuse the student of a Statute who may overlook the fact that he has parts of two before him at the same time, and the trouble of turning to another page for the amendment is not insuperable. It of course adds to the bulk of the book, as the amending Statute is printed in full elsewhere, e.g., the whole of the Settled Land Act of 1884 appears in this way twice over. That our objections are rather of a theoretical than of a practical nature may perhaps be held to be shown by the fact that Mr. Greenwood's work has already run into its second edition, and we may add that his general arrangement of his subject-matter is decidedly good.

Representation. By Sir JOHN LUBBOCK, Bart., M.P., F.R.S. (London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co. 1885.) -Every one who wishes to learn how thoroughly Englishmen will be misrepresented under the new Redistribution Act should obtain this little book, which forms the second volume of Mr. Sydney Buxton's "Imperial Parliament Series." As the result of a most careful discussion of the various modes of election adopted in those countries which possess representative institutions, our author decides upon the single transferable vote as that calculated to ensure the fairest expression of popular opinion; and we may avow our own idea that no impartial and unprejudiced reader can fail to be convinced by his arguments. The philologist, alike with the politician, will read with interest the account of the real historical origin of the term "Gerrymander," which is given on pp. 10 and 11.

The History of Herod. By JoHN VICKERS. (London: Williams & Norgate. 1885.)-That the monarch of an ultra-tropical locality is not so black as he is painted, is a proverb dating from medieval times; and in days when Henry VIII. is exhibited to us as a gallant and virtuous Englishman, with possibly merely a little too prominent tendency to uxoriousness to mar his otherwise spotless character, and Bacon is shown to have been above any conceivable temptation, pecuniary or otherwise, it is not surprising to find that that much-abused man. Herod should find a defender--and a defender of considerable ability to boot. It is almost superfluous to say here that for our knowledge-or presumed knowledge of the chief events in the life of Herod the Great, we are indebted to Josephus, whose bigoted sacerdotal prejudices, unfairness, credulity, and historical untrustworthiness Mr. Vickers trenchantly exposes. That Herod was guilty of cruelty he does not deny, but he shows conclusively the difficult part he had to play, and draws a telling parallel between the rebellious Jews, over whom the famous son of Antipater ruled, and the (so-called) Irish "Nationalists" of the present day. Some of the atrocities, however, attributed to Herod are shown by our author to have no foundation whatever. Among them is the Massacre of the Innocents, in connection with which he points

out that the Census of Cyrenius (Luke ii.) did not take place until ten years after Herod's death! and that while Herod was denounced to the Sanhedrin as a murderer for extirpating a band of murderers who had ravaged the Syrian border, and was only saved through the intervention of Sextus Cæsar, no contemporary writer even hints at the atrocious slaughter of all the children in Bethlehem, which must infallibly have been blazed abroad throughout the Empire. To all impressed with the justice of the ancient aphorism, audi alteram partem, we would commend the perusal of Mr. Vickers's really remarkable volume.

Studies in Microscopical Science. Edited by ARTHUR C. COLE, F.R.M.S. (London: Baillière, Tindall, & Co.) -In his four numbers for July Mr. Cole gives us illustrations, with very full accompanying descriptions, of Marchantia, the Tail-feather of a young Starling, Miliary Tubercle and Interstitial Pneumonia, and a Transverse Section of a Puppy's Tail. Thus the histologist, the pathologist, and the general observer with the microscope will find each something to interest him.

Cremation. By. J. G. DAVEY, M.D. Reprinted from the Bristol Medico-Chirurgical Journal. 1885. The reader must, we think, be either wilfully blind or abnormally stupid who, upon the perusal of Dr. Davey's admirable tract, is not converted to a belief in the evergrowing necessity for cremation as a substitute for the present terribly unhealthy, and, in more respects than one, revolting system of packing limited areas of ground with a seething and festering mass of decaying humanity. This little pamphlet can scarcely be too widely circulated.

The Dietetic Reformer and Vegetarian Messenger. (London: F. Pitman.)—This is the organ of the "Vegetarian Society" (an association of a very few mediocrities with a superfluity of nobodies), who are apparently going to regenerate the world, abolish doctors, and usher in the millennium by the simple process of eschewing wholesome animal food, and confining themselves to a diet of apples, potatoes, beans, turnip-tops, and the like! We are glad to see that the members of this important sect no longer have the audacity to quote Sir Henry Thompson as an advocate of vegetarianism, but have taken to answering (?) him instead.

Blackie's Geographical Readers.

I to VII. By W. G. BAKER. (London: Blackie & Son.)-In few branches of instruction has a greater advance been made within the last quarter of a century than in the teaching of geography; nor do we need a better illustration of this than that afforded by Mr. Baker's capital series of "Readers" now lying before us. The child is taught, in limine, what a map or plan of its own schoolroom or playground means, and is instructed how to extend this knowledge to maps of larger areas, and shown how the various forms of land and water are conventionally represented, the meaning of the points of the compass, and the like. Then the young student is treated to a picturesque description of England, and is led on to a knowledge of the shape of the earth. After this, England and Wales are treated more in detail, as are the rest of the British dominions in both hemispheres, in No. IV. Nos. V. and VI. deal with the remaining divisions of the globe; while VII. is devoted to the ocean and the planetary system. The series is at once excellent and comprehensive.

Fifth Reading-Book for Standard V. Sixth ReadingBook for Standard VI. (London: Cassell & Co.)— Gradually increasing in difficulty, as in interest, this capital series of books could hardly be improved upon for the purpose for which it is designed. The grand

fathers, and even the fathers, of the generation now passing through our public elementary schools would have stood in amazement at these well-edited and capitally-illustrated volumes. We are delighted to see extracts from the work on "Earthworms," of the immortal Darwin, given as readings in the "Sixth Reading-Book.'

Caesar de Bello Gallico. Book I. With two translations. By JOHN HUGH HAWLEY. (London: Relfe Brothers.) Mr. Hawley has produced a very useful book, and one well calculated to enable the pupil to understand what he is construing a not too frequent Occurrence. On the left-hand page is given the text in full, with a free English translation beneath it; while on the right-hand page the Latin text is split up into the words in the sequence in which they occur in translation, their literal English equivalents standing opposite to them. The boy must be very dull or very obstinate who fails to construe correctly by Mr. Hawley's system.

How to Teach Grammar. By Ť. J. LIVESEY. (London: Moffat & Paige.)-Mr. Livesey gives a series of outline lessons for teaching grammar by question and answer. Children will unquestionably be more interested in a subject imparted in the way here set forth than by the old dreary method of learning paragraphs by rote.

A New System of Book-keeping by Single Entry. By Rev. Dr. BREWER. (London: Jarrold & Sons.)-All those to whom the ordinary system of book-keeping by double entry presents difficulty may with advantage study the simple and practical method of single entry explained by Dr. Brewer in the volume before us, and exemplified in a series of working books accompanying it.

Lettice: A Tale in Verse. By Mrs. JOHN SHARP. (Tunbridge Wells: A. K. Baldwin. 1885.) This posthumous little story is not without a certain amount of grace and interest. In its main incidents it approximates to "Enoch Arden," although its ending is not identical with that of the Laureate's tale. The versification is smooth enough, but here and there the scanning of a line is dubious, and occasionally (though we are bound to say rarely) we come across something like a deliberate defiance of Lindley Murray. "As had belonged to Robert,' or "Grew more and more Hugh's company affect," seem to us a little to exceed the limit of poetical licence.

Daisy Dimple: Her Loves and her Lovers. By the Author of "Giles's Trip to London." (London: Jarrold & Sons.) -There is a charm about this simple little Norfolk Idyll, for which it is not, at first sight, easy to account. Almost destitute of incident, and wholly and absolutely free from sensational element as it is, the reader will never stop after opening this account of Dolly's courtship until he (or she) has read to the very end of the book. The author would appear to have had "Mrs. Brown at the Play" in his mind in giving his description of the theatrical booth at Tombland Fair, but every other line in the book is redolent of rural Norfolk. It is a charming and innocent sixpennyworth.

We have also on our table from Messrs. Cassell & Co.: The Library of English Literature, The Book of Health, European Butterflies and Moths (with a beautiful engraving of the Death's-head Hawk Moth and its Caterpillar). The Countries of the World, Cassell's Popular Gardening, Cassell's Household Guide, and Our Own Country. We have further, Gold and Silver and the Depression of Trade, by SAMUEL SMITH, M.P., The Medical Press and Circular, The Tricyclist, Wheeling, Society, Bradstreet's, The Sanitary News, The Sidereal Messenger, Ciel et Terre, Le Franklin, Electricité, The Season, Naturen, and Blackie & Sons' Educational Catalogue.

CHATS ON GEOMETRICAL MEASUREMENT.

BY RICHARD A. PROCTOR.

THE SPHERE.

(Continued from page 75.)

A. Can we determine the volume of a portion of the sphere cut off by a plane as L M N, Fig. 3?

M. Quite easily. Take first the volume, LA N, and let a plane LON cut the enclosing cylinder in In. Then the volume LAN is equal to the solid sector CLAN, diminished by the cone C LN; and we know by the method of our proof for the whole sphere, that the volume of the solid sector C L A N is equal to 3rd the volume of a rectangular parallelopiped having a base equal to the curved surface of cylinder tln T and height equal to the radius of the sphere; while the cone C LN is also of known volume, when the position of the point O is known. But to get suitable expressions for the volumes of spherical segments we may conveniently proceed as follows:

Let the angle ACL-a; then LO the radius of circle LN= r sin a; COr cos a; A0=vers a.

vers a

2πr2 vers a=。

A. I think the usual idea is that a sphere occupies a larger proportion than this of the space within an enclosing cube. It is little more than half! So that if you have a box of spherical bodies, say cannon balls, set so that each row falls exactly alongside or above the neighbouring rows, the lines joining the centres forming right angles with each other, the spaces between the spheres amount in all to only 10-21st parts of the whole space! M. That is so. But the balls can be more closely packed, as when set in triangular or quadrangular pyramids.

A. Which arrangement is the better of these two? closeness of fitting?

I mean for

M. They are in that respect precisely the same. I hope, hereafter, to extend our inquiries in that direction.

A. Can we do anything with spheroids and ellipsoids? M. Our results are very easily extended to them. Thus,An oblate spheroid may be regarded as produced by shortening every perpendicular to a certain great circular section of a sphere in a certain proportion, while in the prolate sphere every perpendicular is lengthened in a certain proportion. This circular section is the equatorial section of the resulting spheroid. By taking any plain perpendicular to this section and lengthening or shortening in a given proportion all the ordinates perpendicular to it, our spheroid becomes an ellipsoid. Hence, manifestly, by regarding these perpendicular ordinates as elements of the volume, we get the following results:

Volume of an oblate spheroid having a for the radius of its principal circular section, and b for its shortest semidiameter

This last result is all that need be remembered, and owing to the prevalence of 3's in it, it is very easily held in the memory.

A. What is the volume of a slice of the sphere between two parallel planes, neither of which passes through the centre?

M. We get the same volume whether the planes are parallel or not so that they do not intersect within the sphere. Thus let one be such that the angle corresponding to LCO-a, while the other is farther from the centre, and has the corresponding angle =ẞ. Then, the volume of the space between these two planes, if they do not meet within the sphere, is obviously

57.36 3 (cos ẞ—cos a) — (cos 3ß —cos 3) }

32

{

3-cos 3-cosẞ cos a — -cos3a {(cos B-cos a) But we are getting a little outside of geometrical methods. A. What proportion does a sphere bear to the enclosing cube? M. The volume of the enclosing cube is (2r)3 or 83. Therefore vol. of sphere: vol. of enclosing cube::. :8::π: 6

or roughly,

4.π 3

4

THE GREAT GLACIER OF ALASKA. According to the San Francisco Courier, the great glacier of Alaska is moving at the rate of a quarter of a mile per annum. The front presents a wall of ice 500 ft. in thickness; its breadth varies from three to ten miles, and its length is about 150 miles. Almost every quarter of an hour hundreds of tons of ice in large blocks fall into the sea, which they agitate in the most violent manner. The waves are said to be such that they toss about the largest vessels which approach the glacier as if they were small boats. The ice is extremely pure and dazzling to the eye; it has tints of the lightest blue as well as of the deepest indigo. The top is very rough and broken, forming small hills, and even chains of mountains in miniature. This immense mass of ice, said to be more than an average of a thousand feet thick, advances daily towards the sea.

A MEDICAL ELECTRIC LAMP.-The electric lamp used for examining General Grant's throat, manufactured by agents of the Edison Light Company, is mounted on a hard rubber holder, about 7 in. long, having a reflector at the lamp end, by which the light can be thrown to any desired angle. The holder is connected by two silk-covered wires to a small storage battery carried in the pocket of the physician. The light is turned on by simply pressing a small button on the rubber holder, and the quantity is governed by another button convenient to the operator. The lamp in inserted in the mouth almost to the palate, with the reflector above the lamp, which throws the light down the throat. The lamp has no unpleasant heat, and gives a light equal to half a sperm candle. The extreme simplicity of the whole appliance makes it very valuable to the physician and dentist.

COLBURN'S Wood and paper brake shoe, a shoe consisting of alternate layers of compressed paper and wood, of about in. each, has, the Railroad Guzette says, been recently tested on the New York Elevated Railroad, three cars on the Third Avenue line having been equipped. These cars are stated to have been in daily service for thirteen weeks, making a run of 9,271 miles, against eight weeks and 6,000 miles of the standard metal shoes of the road. This, it is claimed, would equal a run of 200,000 miles on an ordinary road, since the number of stops is about twenty times as many. Quicker stops can be made than with metal shoes, it is said, and naturally with much less wear to the wheel tread. The patentee is L. 8. Colburn, of Oberlin, O. There is especial necessity for some other than a metallic shoe on the elevated roads, if it can be had, to avoid the annoyance and danger to eyesight of flying particles of metal.

Our Inventors' Column.

PHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERA.

[Patent No. 4,528. 1885.]-We have here an invention-by Mr. W. F. Stanley, of Railway-approach, London-bridge-in which a separate focussing-cloth is dispensed with. In this camera, by the addition of a light, conical silk bag placed horizontally behind the focussing screen, the ordinary loose focussing-cloth is dispensed with. The same conical bag carries at its apex a magnifier, which answers as a focussing-glass, and the whole apparatus becomes lighter than when the focussing-glass and cloth are separate parts. At the same time the head of the operator is not stifling under a cloth, or subject to the nuisance of its blowing about or its occasional loss in windy weather. To quite protect the camera from light a second loose silk cover draws over the bellows and open parts. This patented apparatus can be adapted to any camera. An important feature is that the operator is able to look about him at the time of focussing to secure the best view, and avoid any obstruction that may appear from moving objects. The conical bag is made to stand out at the focus of the glass, when required, by pressing it upon two studs.

METALLIC VAPOURS.

[Patent No. 7,731. 1884.]-It is well known both to agricultarists and metallurgists that proximity to smelting-works is not conducive to the production of large crops or to the health of cattle pastured on such land; in fact, the records of our Law Courts show us that manufacturers are continually having to fight actions brought by neighbouring landowners for damage sustained by their property caused by the deposition of acid and metallic vapours from their chimneys.

Many plans have been introduced from time to time in order to prevent the emission of metallic vapours into the atmosphere. Some few of these are chemical, but most mechanical in their action. The plan patented by Mr. Ernest H. Cook, B.Sc., of Bristol, is very simple, and at the same time proposes to recover some at least of the valuable metals, as well as sulphur, which are now allowed to vitiate the surrounding air. The raw material which is used in the process is the waste product from the alkali works. This material, large quantities of which accumulate near chemical works of this description, is at present of practically no value-in fact, is a source of annoyance, and any use for it would be a benefit not only to the alkali-maker himself, but also to the dwellers in the vicinity. When steam or steam and air is blown through this waste, a large quantity of the sulphuretted hydrogen or of the alkaline sulphides, which it contains, are removed and carried along with the steam. If this steam thus charged be brought into contact with sulphurous anhydride, a chemical decomposition ensues, resulting in the deposition of sulphur. Any metallic compounds are likewise decomposed, and the sulphides deposited. The application of these facts to practice is exceedingly simple. In almost all smelting works the gases from the furnaces are made to pass through a series of long flues and chambers prior to their exit from the stack. In these flues the gases are cooled, and a large portion of the substances deposited. Mr. Cook proposes to pass into these flues, chambers, and passages, at various intervals, the steam charged with the sulphuretted hydrogen obtained as before mentioned. Immediate chemical action occurs, resulting in the precipitation of large quantities of sulphur. The metallic substances present combine with the sulphur of the sulphuretted hydrogen, and are deposited as sulphides. The formation of the solid sulphur by the union of the two gases aids the deposition of the metallic compounds by mechanically enclosing them, and the result is that no metallic vapours reach the stack to be given off into the air.

Thus this process, in addition to affording a protection to the smelter from the, in many cases justifiable, complaints of his neighbours, furnishes him with a means of regaining as a marketable article a substance which is now allowed to escape. When it is mentioned that for every ton of lead made from galena there is produced more than six hundredweight of sulphur dioxide, the importance of recovering the sulphur becomes evident.

The plan is of very general application, as sulphur dioxide is an almost constant product in all metallurgical works.

Only a small proportion of Letters received can possibly be inserted. Correspondents must not be offended, therefore, should their letters not appear.

All Editorial communications should be addressed to the EDITOR OF KNOWLEDGE; all Business communications to the PUBLISHERS, at the Office, 74, Great Queen-street, W.C. IF THIS IS NOT ATTENDED TO, DELAYS ARISE FOR WHICH THE EDITOR IS NOT RESPONSIBLE.

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AND DIRECTED ENVELOPE BE ENCLOSED.

THE RUDDY ECLIPSED MOON.

[1817]-May I be permitted to suggest another theory to account for the ruddy eclipsed moon?" If not a scientific theory it has the merit of being a common-sense one. In the absence of moonlight, when the atmosphere is clear and transparent, and the stars shine out in full effulgence, we become sensible that a large amount of light from that source passes through our atmosphere by the distinctness with which distant objects are seen in considerable detail. The moon, like the earth, is surrounded by the starlit heavens, and should reflect from her surface sufficient light to make her non-sunlit disc more or less visible to us in times of total eclipse, as circumstances are more or less favourable. The pale or ruddy colour must depend on conditions of our atmosphere as to the amount of moisture diffused in the higher regions. If the sun rises in fog it assumes a ruddy colour, which becomes lessened as he rises towards the zenith, even though the fog remains as dense as at his rising. According to this theory, the eclipsed moon should be more ruddy at times when rising or setting in eclipse, and when at or near the meridian in the winter solstice of our atmosphere. HENRY J. MADGE.

There are

[The "large amount of light" which Mr. Madge appears to suppose reaches us from the stars has no existence, save in his own imagination. Taking a Centauri as his standard star of the 1st magnitude, Sir John Herschel determined that a cluster of 27,408 such stars would only give the light of the full moon. never more than 1,600 stars visible at one time on the darkest night, and of these, four, perhaps, will be of the first magnitude. Further, bearing in mind that it would take 2 stars of the 2nd magnitude to make one of the 1st; 6 of the 3rd, 16 of the 4th, 40 of the 5th, and 100 of the 6th magnitude to emit the light of a single star of the 1st magnitude, it will easily be seen how wild is the notion that we are indebted to the stars for any sensible addition to the lightness of our nights. Whithersoever we derive it, it is not from them.-ED.]

THE PAST OF THE MOON.

[1848]-I think there is some value in Mr. Mackie's contention that there might have been men in the moon, but that they had not time to develope as we have done (letter 1812)-Again, they might have been pygmies. Still, when we look back, and see that there must have been human works thousands of years before the Pyramids such as Uley Bury in Gloucestershire, a quadrangular earthwork which from the moon would be a fine object with a not very high power-and when we consider that the earth is no less habitable, no cooler than in those past æons-nay, much hotter than in some it seems probable enough that the moon's inhabited days-if there were such-lasted long enough for the lunarians to get as far as pahs like Uley Bury.

My chief reason was the absence of river-beds in the moon. I used to spend hours in studying her face with a telescope, and never could persuade myself she ever could have been like the earth in general arrangement. Her hollows are all isolated, like the Caspian -she is like a cinder-whereas on the earth the oceans carry us from one end to another. On Mars, too, this is the case-He has very little water, but it seems to circle all round his continents, like our own ocean stream."

I think Mr. Proctor says there is evidence of water-work on the