The specimen figured below, is remarkable only for the number of its horns. The lateral, or true horns, rise from their usual point of attachment, and describe a spiral curve round the animal's ears. The accessory

horns, two in number, take their origin more internally, and between the others, and pass almost directly upwards, inclining, as they advance, in a direction forwards and outwards.

THIS animal is called by the Hottentots, quaraho. It has dark and rugous horns, spreading horizontally over the summit of the head, in the shape of a scalp, with the beams bent down laterally, and the points turned up. The animal is about nine feet in length, with a deep brown fur. They live in small herds in brushwood, and open forests, in Caffraria, occasionally uniting in droves upon the plains. They are excited to madness by the sight of red colors, and swim with great force. Since the settlement of the Cape of Good Hope, they have become scarce in that neighborhood.

Bos caffer, DESM. The genus Bos has eight lower incisors; no canines; twelve upper and twelve lower molars. Body members strong; head large; forehead straight; muzzle square; eyes large; ears generally funnel shaped; a fold of the skin or dewlap on the under side of the neck; four mamma; tail long and tufted; horns simple, conical, round, with different inflections, but often directed laterally, and the points raised.

THE ARNEE.1

THIS animal, which is an inhabitant of various parts of India, north of Bengal, far exceeds in size any of the cattle tribe that has hitherto been discovered; it being from twelve to fifteeen feet in height. The horns, which are full two feet in length, are erect and semilunar, flattened, and annularly wrinkled, with smooth, round, approaching points. The arnee is seldom seen within the European settlements; but a very young one was picked up alive, in the Ganges, some years ago, which was as big as an immensely large bullock, and weighed nearly three quarters of a ton. A British officer, who found one in the woods in the country above Bengal, describes it as a bold and daring animal, and its form as seeming to partake of the horse, the bull, and the deer. Some of the native princes are said to keep arnees for parade, under the name of fighting bullocks.

THE buffalo and the ox, although greatly resembling each other, both tame, and often living under the same roof, and fed in the same meadows; yet, when brought together, and even excited by their keepers, have ever refused to unite and couple together. Their nature is more distant than that of the ass is from the horse; there even appears to be a strong antipathy between them: for it is affirmed, that cows will not suckle the young buffalos; and the female buffalo refuses the same kindness to the other's calves. The buffalo is of a more obstinate nature, and less tractable than the ox; he obeys with great reluctance, and his temper is more coarse and brutal. Like the hog, he is one of the filthiest of the tame animals, as he shows by his unwillingness to be cleaned and dressed; his figure is very clumsy, and forbidding; his looks stupidly wild; he carries his tail in an Bos bubalus, LIN.

1 Bos arnee, SHAW.

ignoble manner, and his head in a very bad posture, almost always inclined towards the ground. His voice is a hideous bellowing, with a tone much stronger and more hoarse than that of the bull; his legs are thin, his tail bare, and his physiognomy dark, like his hair and skin. He differs externally from the ox, chiefly in the color of his hide; and this is easily perceived under the hair, with which he is but sparingly furnished. His body is likewise thicker and shorter than that of the ox; his legs are longer, and proportionably much less. The horns not so round, black, and partly compressed, with a tuft of hair frizzled over his forehead; his hide is likewise thicker and harder than that of the ox; his flesh is black and hard, and not only disagreeable to the taste, but to the smell; the milk of the female is not so good as that of the cow; nevertheless she yields a greater quantity. In the hot countries of the eastern continent, almost all the cheese is made of buffalo's milk. The flesh of the young buffalo, though killed during the suckling time, is not good. The hide alone, is of more value than all the rest of the beast, whose tongue is the only part that is fit to eat. This hide is firm, light, and almost impenetrable. As these animals, in general, are larger and stronger than the oxen, they are very serviceable in the plough; they draw well, but do not carry burdens; they are led by the means of a ring passed through their nose. Two buffalos, harnessed, or rather chained, to a wagon, will draw as much as four strong horses.

The form and thickness of the buffalo, alone, are sufficient to indicate that he is a native of the hottest countries. The largest quadrupeds belong to the torrid zone in the Old Continent; and the buffalo, for his size and thickness, ought to be classed with the elephant, the rhinoceros, and the hippopotamus. The camel is more elevated, but slenderer, and is also an inhabitant of the southern countries of Africa and Asia; nevertheless, the buffalos live and multiply in Italy, in France, and in other temperate provinces. Those that are in the French king's menagerie, have brought forth two or three times. The female has but one at a time, and goes about twelve months; which is another proof of the difference between this species and that of the cow, who only goes nine months. It appears, also, that these animals are gentler and less brutal in their native country; and the hotter the climate is, the more tractable is their nature. In Egypt they are more so than in Italy; and in India they are more so than in Egypt. Those of Italy have also more hair than those of Egypt, and those of Egypt more than those of India. Their coat is never entirely covered, because they are natives of hot countries; and, in general, large animals of this climate have either no hair, or else very little.

There are a great number of wild buffalos in the countries of Africa and India, which are watered with many rivers, and furnished with large meadows. These wild buffalos go in droves, and make great havoc in cultivated lands; but they never attack the human species, and will not run at

them, unless they are wounded, when they are very dangerous; for they make directly at their enemy, throw him down, and trample him to death under their feet; nevertheless, they are greatly terrified at the sight of fire, and are displeased at a red color.

The buffalo, like all other animals of southern climates, is fond of bathing, and even of remaining in the water; he swims very well, and boldly traverses the most rapid floods. As his legs are longer than those of the ox, he runs also quicker upon land. The negroes in Guinea, and the Indians in Malabar, where the wild buffalos are very numerous, often hunt them. They neither pursue them nor attack them openly, but, climbing up the trees, or hiding themselves in the woods, they wait for them and kill them; the buffalos not being able, without much trouble, to penetrate these forests, on account of the thickness of their bodies, and the impediment of their horns, which are apt to entangle in the branches of the trees. These people are fond of the flesh of the buffalo, and gain great profit by vending their hides and their horns, which are harder and better than those of the ox.

Although the buffalo is, at this present time, common in Greece, and tame in Italy, it was neither known by the Greeks nor Romans; for it never had a name in the language of these people. The word buffalo, even indicates a strange origin, not to be derived either from the Greek or Latin tongues. In effect, this animal is originally a native of the hottest countries of Africa and India, and was not transported and naturalized in Italy till towards the seventh century. It is true, the ancients have spoken of an animal, as of a different species from the ox, under the name of bubalus; and Aristotle has mentioned the wild ox of Pæonia, which he has called bonasus.

THE AMERICAN BISON.I

ONE of the earliest accounts we have of this animal, is by Hernandez; and Recchus' edition of his observations, or rather commentary upon them, is illustrated by an engraving which seems to have been made from a rude sketch of the bison, altered by the European artists to a closer resemblance with the European ox. Hennepin, in the narrative of his discovery of Louisiana, and his travels through that country, between the years 1669 and 1682, gives a very good description of the bison, together with a figure, which is apparently a copy of that of Recchus. It does not appear to have excited much attention in Europe until lately, when several specimens, having been imported into England, were exhibited under the attractive title of bonasus, which, though described by the ancients, was asserted to

1 Bos Americanus, GMEL.

have been lost to the moderns, until recognised in the American animal. The American bison, has, in fact, much resemblance to the aurochs of the Germans, (Bos urus, BODDERT,) identified by Cuvier, with the bonasus of Aristotle, the bison of Pausanias and Pliny, and the urus of Cæsar; and which, down to the reign of Charlemagne, was not rare in Germany, but is now nearly confined to the hilly country lying between the Caspian and Black seas.

The bison wanders constantly from place to place, either from being disturbed by hunters or in quest of food. They are much attracted by the soft tender grass, which springs up after a fire has spread over the prairie. In winter they scrape away the snow with their feet to reach the grass. The bulls and cows live in separate herds, for the greater part of the year, but at all seasons, one or two old bulls generally accompany a large herd of cows. In the rutting season, the males fight against each other with great fury, and, at that period it is very dangerous to approach them. The bison is, however, in general, a shy animal, and takes to flight instantly on winding an enemy, which the acuteness of its sense of smell enables it to do, from a great distance. They are less wary when they are assembled together in numbers, and will then often blindly follow their leaders, regardless of, or trampling down, the hunters posted in their way. It is dangerous for the hunter to show himself after having wounded one; for it will pursue him, and although its gait may appear heavy and awkward, it will have no great difficulty in overtaking the fleetest runner.

Mr Finnan M'Donald, of the Hudson's Bay Company's clerks, was descending the Saskatchewan in a boat, and one evening having pitched his