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forced into a situation from which he is unable to move without going into check. This is a dishonorable termination to the adversary, who thereby loses the game." - DOUCE. Illustrations of Shakespeare, 2d ed. p. 202.

ESSAY XIII.

"Apoph

p. 127, 1. 3.—Phædr. III. 12. A good story is told in “ thegms," 203, in which an allusion to this fable is brought in:

When peace was renewed with the French in England, divers of the great counsellors were presented from the French with jewels. The Lord Howard was omitted. Whereupon the King said to him; My Lord, how haps it that you have not a jewel as well as the rest? My Lord answered again, (alluding to the fable in Æsop ;) Non sum Gallus, itaque non reperi gemmam.

p. 127, 1. 30. — See Timon's speech to the Athenians as given by Plu

tarch : ---

My Lords of Athens, I have a little yard at my house where there groweth a figge tree, on the which many citizens have hanged themselves and because I meane to make some building on the place, I thought good to let you all understand it, that before the figge tree be cut downe, if any of you be desperate, you may there in time goe hang yourselves. - NORTH's Plutarch, Antonius, p. 943, ed. 1631.

Compare "Timon of Athens," V. 1, vol. VI. p. 571, ed. Dyce, 1864:

TIM.—I have a tree, which grows here in my close,

p. 128, 1. 11.

That mine use invites me to cut down,

And shortly must I fell it: tell my friends,

Tell Athens, in the sequence of degree,

From high to low throughout, that whoso please

To stop affliction, let him take his haste,

Come hither, ere my tree hath felt the axe,
And hang himself.

Rom. IX. 3. In the "Adv. of Learning," II. 20, § 7, the same passage is alluded to:

But it may be truly affirmed that there never was any philosophy, religion, or other discipline, which did so plainly and highly exalt the good which is communicative, and depress the good which is private and particular, as the Holy Faith; well declaring that it was the same God that gave the Christian law to men, who gave those laws

of nature to inanimate creatures that we spoke of before; for we read that the elected saints of God have wished themselves anathematized and razed out of the book of life, in an ecstasy of charity and infinite feeling of communion.

ESSAY XIV.

p. 134, 1. 20. p. 144, 1. 8. "insolency." Trench ("Glossary ") gives the following lucid explanation of the meaning of this word:

The “insolent" is properly no more than the unusual. This, as the violation of the fixed law and order of society, is commonly offensive, even as it indicates a mind willing to offend; and thus "insolent" has acquired its present meaning.

For dittie and amorous Ode I finde Sir Walter Rawleygh's vayne most loftie, insolent, and passionate. — PUTTENHAM, The Arte of English Poesie, (1589) lib. I. ch. xxxi. vol. I. p. 51, Haslewood's reprint.

p. 134, 1. 23. "surcharge of expense." Overcharge, excessive burden. The following quotation from Blackstone's "Commentaries," III. 237, illustrates Bacon's use of the word:

Another disturbance of common is by surcharging it; or putting more cattle therein than the pasture and herbage will sustain, or the party hath a right to do.

This word is also used in the same sense in Essay XXXIII. p. 355, 1. 20.

ESSAY XV.

p. 139, 1. 11. — Virg. Æn. IV. 179. Quoted in "Adv. of Learning," II. 4, § 4:

In heathen poesy we see the exposition of fables doth fall out sometimes with great felicity; as in the fable that the giants being overthrown in their war against the gods, the Earth their mother in revenge thereof brought forth Fame:

Illam terra parens, etc.,

expounded that when princes and monarchs have suppressed actual and open rebels, then the malignity of people (which is the mother of rebellion) doth bring forth libels and slanders and taxations of the states, which is of the same kind with rebellion, but more feminine.

In the "History of King Henry VII." Bacon wrote:

Hereupon presently came forth swarms and vollies of libels (which

are the gusts of liberty of speech restrained, and the females of sedition,) containing bitter invectives against the King and some of the counsel. — Works, VI. 153.

p. 141, 1. 21. "multis utile bellum." In his tract "Of the True Greatness of the Kingdom of Britain," Bacon makes a different application of this quotation :

For it is necessary in a state that shall grow and inlarge, that there be that composition which the poet speaketh of, Multis utile bellum; an ill condition of a state (no question) if it be meant of a civil war, as it was spoken; but a condition proper to a state that shall increase, if it be taken of a foreign war. For except there be a spur in the state that shall excite and prick them on to wars, they will but keep their own, and seek no further.

Works, VII. 59.

p. 143, 1. 14. — In Burton's "Anatomy of Melancholy," Democritus to the Reader, vol. I. p. 120, ed. New York, 1865, is this pas

sage:

The Low Countries generally have three cities at least for one of ours, and those far more populous and rich; and what is the cause, but their industry and excellency in all manner of trades? Their commerce, which is maintained by a multitude of tradesmen, so many excellent channels made by art, and opportune havens, to which they build their cities; all which we have in like measure, or at least may have. But their chiefest loadstone which draws all manner of commerce and merchandise, which maintains their present estate, is not fertility of soil but industry that enricheth them; the gold mines of Peru or Nova Hispania may not compare with them. They have neither gold nor silver of their own, wine nor oil, or scarce any corn growing in those United Provinces; little or no wood, tin, lead, iron, silk, wool, any stuff almost, or metal; and yet Hungary, Transylvania, that brag of their mines, fertile England, cannot compare with them.

p. 143, 1. 19.

Compare "Apophthegms," 252:

Mr. Bettingham used to say; That riches were like muck; when it lay upon an heap, it gave but a stench and ill odour; but when it was spread upon the ground, then it was cause of much fruit.

p. 143, 1. 21. "usury."

There were also made good and politic laws that Parliament against usury, which is the bastard use of money; and against unlawful chievances and exchanges, which is bastard usury. — History of King Henry VII. Works, VI. 87.

p. 143, 1. 21. "pasturages." See "History of King Henry VII." Works, VI. 93: "Inclosures at that time began to be more frequent," etc. This passage is directly referred to in Essay XXIX. p. 308, 1. 19.

In 1597 Bacon made a speech in the House of Commons upon this subject, in which he said:

For enclosure of grounds brings depopulation, which brings forth first idleness, secondly decay of tillage, thirdly subversion of houses and decrease of charity and charge to the poor's maintenance, fourthly the impoverishing the state of the realm. -SPEDDING'S Letters and Life of Francis Bacon, vol. II. p. 82.

p. 144, 1. 2. — Hom. Il. I. 398. The fable alluded to is in "Adv. of Learning," II. 4, § 4:

So in the fable that the rest of the gods having conspired to bind Jupiter, Pallas called Briareus with his hundred hands to his aid: expounded that monarchies need not fear any curbing of their absoluteness by mighty subjects, as long as by wisdom they keep the hearts of the people, who will be sure to come in on their side. In Homer it is Thetis, not Pallas, who calls in Briareus.

p. 144, 1. 25. “brave," v. t. To assume ostentatiously, parade. p. 354, 1. 23. "brave," adj. Fine. p. 144, l. 8; p. 390, I. 15. "bravery," Finery; hence ostentation, display, bravado. p. 105, 1. 21. p. 268, l. 7. p. 536, 1. 6. p. 558, 1. 1.

l.

I do not very clearly trace, says Trench ("Glossary "), by what steps "brave" obtained the meaning of showy, gaudy, rich, which once it so frequently had, in addition to that meaning which it still retains.

If he chance to appear in clothes above his rank, it is to grace some great man with his service; and then he blusheth at his own bravery. — FULLER. The Holy State, bk. II. ch. 18, p. 106, ed.

1841.

His clothes were neither brave nor base, but comely. - FULLER. The Holy State, bk. IV. ch. 10, p. 270, ed. 1841.

Man is a noble animal, splendid in ashes, and pompous in the grave, solemnizing nativities and deaths with equal lustre, not omitting ceremonies of bravery in the infamy of his nature. BROWNE. Hydriotaphia, ch. V. vol. III. p. 494, ed. Pickering.

With scarfs, and fans, and double change of bravery.

SIR T.

The Taming of the Shrew, IV. 3.

“It is remarkable that Shakespeare appears to use this substantive always in this sense only: though he uses the adjective brave, not only for fine, but more often in its present signification, for courageous; while in the Bible neither substantive nor adjective is used at all in the modern sense. The adverb bravely, for finely, splendidly (of dress), occurs in Judith, X. 4." WORDSWORTH. Shakespeare and the Bible, p. 31.

p. 144, 1. 9.-In the "History of King Henry VII.," Works, VI. 153, Bacon writes, after the execution of Stanley, Lord Chamberlain :

Men durst scarce commune or talk one with another, but there was a general diffidence everywhere; which nevertheless made the King rather more absolute than more safe. For bleeding inwards and shut vapours strangle soonest and oppress most.

p. 144, 1. 17. — Bacon had written otherwise of Hope, in "Meditationes Sacræ,” “Of Earthly Hope,” 1597:

And therefore it was an idle fiction of the poets to make Hope the antidote of human diseases, because it mitigates the pain of them; whereas it is in fact an inflammation and exasperation of them rather, multiplying and making them break out afresh. - Works, VII. 248. p. 145, 1. 7.— Suet. Jul. Caes. 77. Quoted in "Adv. of Learning," I. 7, § 12:

Upon occasion that some spake what a strange resolution it was in Lucius Sylla to resign his dictature, he scoffing at him at his own advantage answered, That Sylla could not skill of letters, and therefore knew not how to dictate. Apoph. 135.

ESSAY XVI.

p. 155, l. 3. — “Adv. of Learning,” II. 6, § 1:

There never was miracle wrought by God to convert an atheist, because the light of nature might have led him to confess a God.

p. 155, l. 4. "convince." To refute.

p. 155, l. 13. "four mutable elements,” etc.

Aristoteles of Stagira, the sonne of Nichomachus, hath put down for Principles these three, to wit, a certaine forme called Entelechia, Matter, and Privation: for Elements, foure, and for a fifth Quintessence, the heavenly bodie which is immutable. - HOLLAND'S Plutarch's Morals, p. 662, ed. 1657.

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