caco) Passyunk, and Nattabakonck, (Schuylkill.) In each town there is a sachem or chief.

The Schuylkill is (we think, the same) called "Menejeck, (Manayunk,) a large creek."

Calabash is a plant growing in vines all along the river.

A monthly notice of the weather (much like the present times) is given for ten years, from 1644 to '45.

He asserts that the Swedes made the first settlement in the reign of Gustavus Adolphus, at the instance and publication of William Ussaling, a Dutchman. He infers that it must have been in 1627, (the time given by Proud,) because all the preparation for it was made in 1626, by the king's proclamation and grant of license to such a settlement in that year; the people of Sweden were to embark in the month of March; and those from Livonia and Finland, in May, of the year 1627. [This is the year of the birth of Queen Christina, who began, at six years of age, in 1633, to reign.] They seemed to wonder much at our large "sea spiders," found driven ashore in our bay, by the south winds. Their description of them shows they must have been our king crabs, popularly called horse-shoe crabs.

The class of Swedish emigrants were of three kinds, to wit: the company's servants, who were employed in various capacities, and those who went there to better their fortunes; both of these were, by way of distinction, called freemen. The third class "consisted of vagabonds and malefactors," who were to remain in slavery, and to be employed in digging the earth, throwing up trenches, and erecting walls and other fortifications. With such, the freenien had no intercourse; and they (the former) had besides their particular spot for their assigned residence. Such was the earliest arrangement and purpose; but it so happened, that in the beginning of Governor Printz's administration, when a great number of those criminals were sent over from Sweden, the European inhabitants combined to refuse their admission among them; wherefore they were returned, and many of them perished on the return voyage. After this severe lesson, it was ordered, that no more criminals should be sent; wherefore, we trust that the Swedish families actually retained among us, as primitive settlers, were "all good men and true," leaving no blur upon the reputation of their descendants-several of whom may be still traced among us, as may appear by the following names, copied from a list actually taken in the year 1693, for the information of William Penn. The fact of their being in pluralities is, indeed, self-evident proof that none of them could have been individual criminals, to wit:

* Old Moses Cox, who owned the little triangular square, at Little Dock and Spruce streets, was a lineal descendant of the Cocks-altered since to Cox.

And the Rev. Mr. Clay says, they are now called Boon.

There were also a few of the following surnames:-Mink, Jacob, Danielson, Schrage, Thorsson, Olsson, Talley, Iwarsson, Skrika, Grantum, Kempe, Clemson, Kuckow, Meyer, Dennis, Savoy, Fransson, Stark, Long, Knutsson, Frende, Ekhorn, Konigh, Tay, Bure, Lock, Hallton; the whole list constituting one hundred and eighty-eight families, and nine hundred and seven individuals.

I observe that the Rev. Mr. Clay's Annals of the Swedes, furnishes this same list, as being the same taken from the document left by the Rev. Mr. Rudman, minister from 1697 to 1708, (when he died.) The list, as so left, states one hundred and thirty-nine families, and nine hundred and thirty-nine individuals; and says, that thirty-nine of the list were native Swedes, of whom Peter Rambo and Andrew Bonde, had been in the country fifty-four years, (making their arrival in or near 1639.)

It may be remarked, that their names are often compounded, after the manner of the Welsh, by adding the word son. Thus Paulsson (Poulson,) is the son of Paul; Lucasson, is the son of Lucas, (Luke,) and "Goran Ericsson," is the son of Eric, and "Eric Goransson," is the son of Goran; "Svenson," is the son of Sven, i. e. Swanson, &c.

Descendants, and even acquaintances, of the foregoing names, will feel, necessarily, some interest in this exhibition of names, thus made honourable, as the proper primores and magnates of our country! They are entitled to the distinction, thus given, and let it be perpetuated. Estu perpetua!

The desire of the Swedish families to come out here, must have been very great, as Mr. Lindstrom observes that, when he sailed, "more than one hundred families, of good and honest men, with their wives and children, presented more than the ship could carry;" and, on another occasion, several vessels were prevented from going, by the Spaniards.

Great pains were taken, that they should be well sustained in their new home by a Gospel ministry. To this end a regular supply was sent out, and some, by the Bishop of Upsal, of "men of sound learning and approved piety."

There was a great treaty held at Printz's hall, on Tinicum island, on the 17th June, 1654, at which were present ten sachems, and a renewal was then made of former leagues and covenants.

We are not aware of any place, now known, on which any of the aforesaid Swedish families dwelt, save that of the Stille family in the time of its head, Olof Stille, which is marked in Lindstrom's map, as" Stille's land," in the neck. Its Indian name was Techoherassi, being "a place on the Schuylkill shore, and surrounded with water like an island." It was "a small plantation, built by freemen, and was much frequented by the Indians, who gave Mr. Stille the name of the man with the black beard,' because of his strong black beard."

The manner of living among the Swedes, as told by themselves, in a letter of the year 1693, to John Thelin, of Gottenberg, is as follows:-"We are almost all of us husbandmen, and our meat and drink is after the old Swedish custom. The country is very rich and fruitful, and we send out yearly to our neighbours on this continent, and the neighbouring islands, bread, grain, flour and oil. We have here, thank God, all kinds of venison, birds and fishes. Our wives and daughters spin wool and flax, and many of them weave. We live in great peace and friendship with the Indians; and we only wish we had good and faithful shepherds and guardians of our souls; we may add, that since we are no longer under the government of Sweden, we have been well and kindly treated by the Dutch and the English." The foregoing letter was presented to King Charles XI., who thereupon ordered three ministers to be sent with Bibles, prayer books, and catechisms. One cannot but feel curious now to know, whether any family now extant, of Swedish origin, remaining among us, has preserved any one of those royal presents. They had before lost, by death, the services of the Rev. Jacob Frabritius, a Dutchman, and had only the services of C. Springer, "a pious reader."

One of the aforesaid newly sent ministers, the Rev. Eric Biork, writes to his superiors at home, that the people received him with great joy and gratulations; but the religious services of the people were very irregular and lax, and needed reform, especially among the rising generation. He said, there were no poor in the country, but all provided for themselves, without any cases of want. [What can we say now!] The Indians he found to be great friends; more so to us than they are to the English. They call us, in their language, their "own people." They are very fond of learning the catechism, which has been printed in their language, [where shall we find a copy now!] and which is to be read to their children, and taught to them by Mr. Springer. Our people live scattered among the English and Quakers; and yet our language is preserved as pure as any where in Sweden, and there being about one thousand two hundred persons that speak it. Many Swedes are employed in the administration of the government under Governor Markham; some are judges, captains, ensigns, constables," &c

VOL. II-2 E

20*

Lewis Hennepin, quoted by Holm, states the belief, that our Indians are descended from the Jews, on account of many resemblances he finds between those natives. Hennepin, and the Rev. John Campanius, both believed that they could trace an affinity, between the Hebrew and Indian languages. The Indians then were tall, strong, nimble, and limbs well proportioned. Their faces broad-small black eyes-flat noses-(a mistake, surely, unless at the nostrils,) large lips-short broad teeth, and very white. Their bodies nearly naked, and of a brown or yellowish colour, anointed with bears' grease, and black paint found on the sea-shore, which enables them better to endure the heat of the sun. They make their huts of mats and of branches of trees. The mats being made of the leaves of the Indian corn matted together. They sleep on their mats and skins. They cook the most of their diet in clay kettles; and their dishes are plates of bark and cedar wood. Their drinking vessel is the shell of the calabash. Their spoons and knives were muscle shells. Their pipes were made of long reeds, and the bowl was of horn.

One might smile, to know the fact of their surprise at our fireflies, "giving out light enough to show the way!" One night, they frightened all the soldiers on guard, at Fort Christina, so that they thought they "were enemies advancing with lighted matches."

One cannot but feel a melancholy pleasure, in sympathy with one of the Swedish ministers, who, in writing home of his regrets at the loss of the Swedish rule here, says, with exultation, "we have, however, retained some lasting memorials of our glorious Queen-such as the Christina church, Christina hundred, Christina creek, Christina ferry and bridge," &c. But, alas, even these have since been perverted to Christiana.

Facts and occurrences of the Swedes settled in Upland.

"The records of Upland," a folio cap book of one hundred and eighty-eight pages MS., having been lent to me by the Logan family, I have made the following extracts and notitia from the same, with a view to show the state and action of society, in that primitive day: say from the year 1676, when the administration of Governor Andross began on the Delaware, down to the year 1681, when it began to be the province of Pennsylvania, under William Penn. I preserve the names of the primitive inhabitants, as magistrates, jurors, landholders and parties in court, as they appear from time to time, for the sake of showing, by their names, the origin of many family names, still among us, or partially altered. The object herein is to preserve, so far as practicable now, an insight into the ways and doings of the little community of primitive settlers, who began this now affluent and prosperous country, at a period anterior to the arrival of Penn and his colonists. The book from which I extract will, I trust, be deposited in the Loganian library, as a venerable relic of antiquity.