to reign in the lifetime of Augustus; and he continued in the undisturbed possession of his dominions all through the reign of Tiberius. But he was not so fortunate in the reign of Caius. Seneca, De Tranquillitate: Ptolemæum Africæ regem, Armeniæ Mithridatem, inter Caianas custodias vidimus. According to Suetoniusw, he was put to death by Caius, U. C. 792: according to Dio and Zonaras *, in the same year with Caius' German expedition, and marriage to Cæsonia-U. C. 793; which, I think, is nearer to the truth. For his death excited a rebellion in Mauritania -to which Pliny alludes y as an event coincident with the beginning of the reign of Claudius: Romana arma primum Claudio principe in Mauritania bellavere, Ptolemæum regem a C. Cæsare interemptum ulciscente liberto Ardemone *.

The last year of the reign of Ptolemy being thus U. C. 793. and his first U. C. 759. he must have reigned 34 years: which is no improbable supposition. We do not know in what year he was born; but had he been born in the earliest possible, U. C. 725, his age would be only sixty-eight at his death.

I think that these considerations serve to place it almost beyond a doubt, that the precise year of Juba's death is U.C. 759: and rather late in that year than early. Now Glaphyra, even after his death, had been living some time with her father Archelaus in Cappadocia, before Archelaus the son of Herod saw her there, and fell in love with further that, according to

*It appears, indeed, from the authorities cited, that there were two rebellions of the Mauritani, occasioned by the death of Ptolemy, one under Caius, and suppressed before Claudius became v xi. Io. w Caius, 26. 35. y H. N. v. 1. Cf. Dio, lx. 8. 9.

her. We need not argue Roman law and Roman

emperor, consequently, U. C. 793; the other in the first or second of his reign, and ultimately suppressed by Galba, U. C. 796 or 797.

x Dio, lix. 25: Zonaras, xi. 6. 557. B.

usage, a law and an usage which the wife of Juba might be expected to obey, his widow would be required to mourn for her husband ten months, before she could form a new match 2. Let their eagerness to be united to each other have been ever so great, and their disregard of decency ever so flagrant, yet under the circumstances of the case, they could not have had an opportunity of being married, before the beginning of U. C. 760. Glaphyra had not been long come to Judæa before her death-nor, as the context implies, had she been dead long, before Archelaus himself was deposed.

It remains only to shew that Glaphyra might still be young enough to excite the cupidity of Archelaus, U.C. 759. or 760, though she had been twice married previously.

Glaphyra was the daughter of Archelaus and Glaphyra, being so named after her grandmother, who is described before her marriage as an eraipaa*. It appears to be implied that she was not born until her father became king of Cappadocia. Now he was sometime appointed by Antony; and was deposed by Tiberius, U. C. 770, in the fiftieth year of his reign. Hence he was appointed U. C. 720 or 721 †. His wife Glaphyra, we may presume, was dead, when he was married to Pythodoris, the widow of Polemo, king of Pontus-who, however, was still alive U. C. 740.c

* Yet in Josephus, De Bello, i. xxiv. 2. she is said to have been lineally descended from Darius Hystaspis.

+ Cf. Strabo, lib. xii. cap. 2. §. 12. 46. Dio, however, places his appointment U.C. 718. See

xlix. 32, 33. It appears from

Strabo, (xii. 2. §. 12. 45.) that he was not of the hereditary

family of the kings of Cappadocia, which was properly descended from Ariobarzanes, elected by permission of the Roman senate, after the conquest of Asia, in the war with Antiochus Magnus. But this family had failed μετὰ τριγονίαν.

If the Marmor, quoted by Eckhel, ii. 370, is to be believed,

z Ovid, Fasti, iii. 133, 134. Seneca, Consolatio ad Helviam, xvi. 1. a Dio, xlix. 32. b Tacitus, Annales, ii. 42: Dio, lvii. 17. c Dio, liv. 24. Josephus, Ant. xvi. ii. 2.

U. C. 738, as I had occasion to shew elsewhere d, Glaphyra his daughter was married to Alexander, one of the sons of Herod and Mariamne: at which time, it is exceedingly probable she was not more than fifteen or sixteen years of age. U. C. 749. Alexander, and his brother Aristobulus, were both put to death: and then Glaphyra was probably twenty-six or twenty-seven. How soon after that she might be married to Juba, I cannot undertake to say. Josephus tells us that Herod sent her back to her father, immediately after the death of her husband. But even in U. C. 759. in which year he died, she would be only thirty-six or thirty-seven and she might possibly be still younger. Herodias was probably not a younger woman, when she too retained sufficient of her personal attractions, to engage the affections of the tetrarch of Galilee, and to induce him to persuade her to divorce herself from her existing husband, and to marry him. Vide Dissertation x. infra.

he was not dead even in U. C. 752. His death, and the circumstances under which it happened, are mentioned by Strabo, lib. xi. cap. 2. §. 11. 386. Cf. ibid. §. 3. 373. His death is

again mentioned, and the fact of Pythodoris, his wife's, reigning in his stead, lib. xi. 2. §. 18. 404. Cf. also lib. xii. cap. 3. §. 29. 124. which again mentions both his death, and the marriage of Pythodoris with Archelaus, and her surviving him, and being a widow when Strabo was writing. Polemo was the son of Zeno, the prop of Laodicea in Phrygia—and was made king first by Antony, afterwards by Augustus: see Strabo, lib. xii. 7. §. 16. 236.

as Pythodoris was the daughter of Pythodorus of Tralles. See xiv. 1, §. 42. 577. This Polemo must have been altogether a different person from him, on whose demise the Pontus was reduced to a province under the name of Pontus Polemoniacus. Vide Aurelius Victor, in Nerone, who dates it within the first five years of Nero's reign, that is, between U. C. 807 and 812. Cf. Suetonius, Nero, 18: Tacitus, Historiæ, iii. 47. Jerome, however, in Chronico, and Eckhel, ii. 373, both shew that the year of this reduction was U. C. 815 or 816. The Polemo in question was the son of the preceding.

d Dissertation xiv. vol. i. 490, 491. e Ant. xvii. i. 1. De Bello, i. xxviii. 1.

APPENDIX.

DISSERTATION VII.

On the Date of the Proconsular Authority of Tiberius. Vide Dissertation viii. vol. i. page 344. last line. THE conclusions, which I have endeavoured to establish respecting the date of Tiberius' triumph, and of his association in the empire with Augustus, may be materially illustrated and confirmed by the testimony of Ovid's Tristia, and Epistolæ de Ponto: which were all written between the time of his banishment, and that of his death, in the third or fourth year of the reign of Tiberius.

The time of his banishment, as well as the order and regularity of the several compositions, above referred to, may be ascertained from the following passages:

Ut patria careo; bis frugibus area trita est:
Dissiluit nudo pressa bis uva pede.

Tristium lib. iv. vi. 19. Cf. lib. iii. x. 15, 16. 35—40.

Bis me sol adiit gelidæ post frigora brumæ,

Bisque suum tacto Pisce peregit iter.

Littore, præmissis quattuor adde meis.

Ibid. lib. iv. vii. 1.

Hunc quoque de Getico, nostri studiose, libellum,

Ibid. lib. v. i. 1. Cf. lib. i. x: lib. ii. i: lib. iii. i. viii. 27-34: xiv: lib. iv. i: De Ponto, lib. ii. v.

Ut sumus in Ponto ter frigore constitit Ister:

Facta est Euxini dura ter unda maris.

Ibid. lib. v. X. I.

Perque dies multos lateris cruciatibus uror,

Sed quod non modico frigore læsit hyems. Ibid. lib. v. xiii. 5. Hic me pugnantem cum frigore, cumque sagittis,

Cumque meo fato, quarta fatigat hyems.

Epistolæ de Ponto, lib. i. ii. 27.

Ut careo vobis, Stygias detrusus in oras,
Quattuor autumnos Pleïas orta facit.

Ibid. lib. i. viii. 28.

In Scythia nobis quinquennis Olympias acta est:
Jam tempus lustri transit in alterius.
Hic mihi Cimmerio bis tertia ducitur æstas
Littore, pellitos inter agenda Getas.
Ille quidem dixit, sed me jam, Care, nivali
Sexta relegatum bruma sub axe videt.

It thus appears that Ovid's rule is to date the years of his exile in succession from the winter, rather than from any other quarter of the year: the reason of which is, that he was ordered into banishment, and arrived at his destination in that season in particular. Tristium lib. i. x. 3. says, in the month of December: with which, however, we must compare Tristium lib. i. ii. iii. and De Ponto, lib. ii. vii. 57.†