Exercise 136.

Pick out the Transitive Verbs and give the Voice of each.

John threw the ball. The town was destroyed by an earthquake. Marlborough gained many victories. The docks were opened by the king. We expect a good harvest. The picture has been torn by the baby. The storm frightened the passengers. The first class is taught by Mr. Vincent. The cuckoo was heard this morning. The mother carried her child upstairs. The prisoner has been caught. The gamekeeper shot fifteen hares. The baker has sold all his loaves. The general was welcomed on his return. Mary wrote a pretty letter. The joint will be cooked to-morrow. The baby tore my sister's book. By whom was the ink spilled? The artist has painted a pretty picture. The cake was made by my little girl. The window was broken by a stone. Who broke the window? I bought an atlas this morning. The child was knocked down by a cart. The mice ate all the cheese. Fred has been called by his mother. The servant cut her finger.

Exercise 137.

In Exercises 20 and 135 change the form of the sentences so that the Verbs in the Active Voice are made Passive, and the Verbs in the Passive Voice are made Active.

INTRANSITIVE VERBS.

297. Verbs which are not Transitive are called Intransitive. Read Exercise 10. All the Verbs in it are Intransitive.

Exercise 138.

Pick out the Intransitive Verbs.

The roses are blooming brightly. The wind is roaring loudly. The swallows twitter underneath the eaves. The boy is bathing in the river. My father came home yesterday. The waves were dashing on the rocks. The baby is sleeping soundly. The dog ran after a rabbit. Bats live in dark places. The owl flies at night. The lark sings sweetly. The sun is shining brightly. The bells are ringing. We traveled through Spain last spring. The cat is lying in the sun. The children are going to school. Baby is growing fast. The hens are cackling in the yard.

Exercise 139.

Say of each Verb whether it is Transitive or Intransitive, and give the Voice of each Transitive Verb.

The farmer is sowing oats. The grass was cut yesterday. The cat is sleeping in the sun. . Mary darned six pairs of stockings. The roof has been repaired. The little girl runs quickly. Jack drowned three kittens. Three kittens were drowned by Jack. The ship will sail to-morrow. My father arrived yesterday. The map was drawn by Arthur. The boy is drawing an old man. This dinner was badly cooked. The butcher killed three bullocks. The fire is blazing brightly. The moon rose at six o'clock. The cows are feeding in the meadow. The smith is shoeing the bay mare. The milk was spilled by the servant. Scott wrote "Marmion." The letter has just been mailed. The room was papered last spring. A mist was driving down the British Channel.

He goes on Sunday to the church

And sits among his boys;

He hears the parson pray and preach,

He hears his daughter's voice

Singing in the village choir,

And it makes his heart rejoice.

298. A Verb may be Transitive in one sentence, and Intransitive in another; as :

a. Say whether the Verbs are Transitive or Intransitive.

She

King Cole called for his fiddlers. Mary called the cattle home. The bell is ringing. The sexton is ringing the bell. The snow is melting. The sun is melting the snow. Who will answer for his behavior? answered the question. The girl is singing. She is singing an old ballad. Baby woke. Baby woke its nurse. The man is beating carpets. The rain is beating against the window. The fire is burning brightly. The gardener is burning weeds. Jane knits well. She knits stockings for her father. Our mother read to us. She read" Robinson Crusoe." The clock is striking. The smith is striking the iron. James and his sister are playing in the field; Mary is playing the piano.

Additional sentences :-Exercise 103.

b. Put each Verb into two sentences, using it transitively in the first, and intransitively in the second.

Is preaching. Will return. Turns. Is milking. Are whistling. Are fighting. Grows. Are working. Can hear. Can see. Is cooking. Will forget. Has finished. Are beating.

299. A Verb may be made Transitive by the addition of a Preposition. Thus, look is Intransitive in the sentence, "We looked at the person," but if we say, "You are being looked at," we can do nothing with at but regard it as part of the Verb, which is in the Passive Voice. Similarly,

"We are trifled with by this fellow."

"The girl was sharply spoken to." 1

COPULATIVE VERBS.

Read again the explanation of the word Predicate, given in pars. 30 and 31.

300. We have seen, as in Exercise 10, that an Intransitive Verb may by itself be the Predicate of a sentence. But, since

a Transitive Verb requires an Object to complete its meaning, a Transitive Verb alone cannot be the Predicate of a sentence. We must have the Transitive Verb and its Object to make a complete predication. Thus, the Predicate in the sentence, "I use ink," is not "use" alone, but " use ink."

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301. Some Intransitive Verbs likewise do not convey a complete idea, and therefore cannot be Predicates by themselves. If you read again par. 11, you will see that the Verb be generally requires some word to be added to complete the Predicate. Thus in the sentence "We were afraid," the

1 Prepositions thus made a part of Verbs should not be confounded with Adverbs, which are sometimes used similarly; thus:

"These were carefully picked out from the whole lot.”

"You will be taken in by that man."

If, in these sentences, out and in were Prepositions they would each have an object when the sentences are changed so as to make the Verbs active.

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word "afraid is necessary to complete the sense, and serves to link or join the Adjective "afraid " to the Subject we. In such a sentence were is called a Copulative' Verb, and afraid is called the Attribute."

302. It should be noted, from these examples, that the Attribute may be a Noun or an Adjective; and that it is identical with the Subject, or it describes the Subject. We therefore speak of Noun Attributes and Adjective Attributes.

303. Great care must be taken to distinguish between an Adjective which is an Attribute and an Adverb which qualifies or modifies a Verb. Thus :

The child smiles sweetly.
The child smells sweet.

In the first sentence sweetly is an Adverb, because it shows how the child smiles; in the second sentence sweet does not tell the way in

1 Latin copulatum, p.p. of copulare, to couple. Sweet calls these Verbs "link verbs." 2 Instead of Attribute some grammarians prefer the term Complement or Attribute Complement, just as some call the Object the Object Complement. (See par. 300.)

which the child does anything, but describes the Subject child, and is therefore an Attribute.

Similarly,

The dog went mad.

The dog went madly down the street.

In the first sentence, mad does not tell how the dog did anything; in the second, madly does. Mad is therefore an Attribute and madly an Adverb.

Again, make is used in an entirely different way in the two sentences,

Bakers make bread.

Sweet buds make pretty flowers.

Bread is an Object; and pretty flowers an Attribute.

Similarly, in

That dress became her,

He became an artist,

her is an Object, and an artist is an Attribute.

304. The Verb be is always a Copulative Verb except when it means exist,' as it does in the following sentences:—

Nothing is but what is not.

Whatever is is right.

But the hour cometh and now is.

He that cometh to God must believe that He is.

Grace be unto you and peace from Him which is, and was, and is to come.

305. Besides the Verb be the most common Copulative Verbs are become, grow, seem, appear, look, feel, smell, keep, remain.

Read again par. 148.

1 Read again par. 11, Note.