Exercise 61.

Pick out the words used with the Verbs to show how fully the speaker believes the statement.

Your father is certainly alive. She must surely know the truth. Her story was verily strange, but it is undoubtedly true. I say that I am unquestionably correct. Truly he knows. Truly he knows not. Thou shalt surely die. Probably your uncle can tell you. He certainly will not be able to tell me. The boy is undeniably clever.

67. A word which is used with a Verb to show when, where, how, how much, or how many times, is called an Adverb.'

68. A word which is used with a Verb to show how fully the speaker believes the statement is called an Adverb.

69. Adverbs which show how much or how many times, are used with Adjectives and with other Adverbs as well as with Verbs; indeed, some of them, as "very," are used only with Adjectives or Adverbs; thus:

70. Adverbs showing when, where, how, or how certainly, are also sometimes used with Adjectives; thus:

1 Latin ad, to. Ad-verb therefore equals to-verb. The relation between the Ad-verb and the Verb is much like that between the Ad-jective and the Noun,

Once strong, I am again weak.
After my fall I am sore everywhere.
Her face is sweetly calm.

I saw perhaps six men.

Exercise 62.

Pick out the Adverbs used

(a) With Adjectives.

(b) With other Adverbs.

a. Jane is a very clever girl. I felt sadly weary. Tom has an exceedingly large dog. He seemed fully attentive to his work. The friends went for a rather long walk. Jack is a thoroughly dull boy; his brother is far brighter. The sun was terribly hot. Nearly all dogs like the water. Lead is much heavier than cork. Too many cooks spoil the broth. Are you so glad? The man had very little sense. The corn is quite ripe. How beautiful it is! The fellow must be utterly bad. You are not sufficiently careful. The poor woman was hopelessly ill, and she was unspeakably glad to see her son. Tom is a most cheerful companion.

b. I know him very slightly. James left rather late. The child is much more happy now. I am too much pleased to be able to express my pleasure quite clearly. We felt very much obliged. How brightly the moon shines! You write too quickly; you should write much more slowly. The class should not sing so loudly. We have only just now heard the news. The boy is far too lazy to work, and much too conceited to take advice. You have waked me too soon.

71. Yes, yea, ay, no, and nay, though never used with expressed Verbs, Adjectives, or Adverbs, are generally called Adverbs.'

72. Some Adverbs are used to ask questions. These are called Interrogative Adverbs. Examples of Interrogative Adverbs:

When will you return?
Where did you go?
How did you travel?

How sick is the child?

See "Notes for Teachers," p. 320, Note 9.

Why did he stay at home?
Wherein have I done wrong?

Wherewith shall it be salted?

73. Since Adverbs change or modify the meanings of the words or statements they are used with, we may make the following definition :

Learn

74. An Adverb is a word used to modify a Verb (or a Verbal 1), an Adjective, another Adverb, or a statement.

Exercise 63.

Pick out the Adverbs. Up rose old Barbara Frietchie then. We buried him darkly. Lightly they'll talk of the spirit that's gone. Slowly and sadly we laid him down. When Greek meets Greek then comes the tug of war. Grieve not, my child; chase all thy fears away. I will obey willingly and gladly. Let us go hence. The blade springs upward, and the root strikes downward. Little he'll reck [= care]. He will certainly come again. Hereafter you shall know more. The poor ye have with you always. Never despair. The workmen are paid weekly. The man is hopelessly stupid. The air is piercingly cold. Your father will never consent. They were imprisoned unjustly. Everywhere the lanes are bordered by trees. Where the bee sucks there suck I. The ball fell yonder. I never thought of it before. Your sister cannot be here yet. First he consented and then he would not consent. When you durst do it then you were a man. The weather was unusually cold. That advice is truly wise. He is probably disappointed. That answer is most foolish. I am now much better; I hope to be quite strong very soon. The mother was terribly unhappy. William is less friendly than Edward. The day was extremely fine. I was very much obliged to your father; how very kind he was. You may do that once too often.

Rain, rain, go away,

Come again another day.

Oh! mother dear, we very much fear

That we have lost our mittens.

1 We have already learned to include under this term Participles and Infinitives. (See par. 58.)

The King of Hearts called for the tarts
And beat the Knave full sore.

As [when] I was going to St. Ives,

I met a man with seven wives.

The man in the moon

Came down too soon.

There was a man of our town,

And he was wondrous wise.

I like little Pussy,

Her coat is so warm.

Bun replied,

"You are doubtless very big."

But we steadfastly gazed on the face that was dead,
And we bitterly thought of the morrow.

I do remember well where I should be,
And there I am.

Once.

Make sentences containing the following Adverbs :Here. There. Hither. Hence. Lately. Often. Before. Now. Soon. Seldom. Little. Scarcely. Much. Very. Not. Truly. Certainly. Thrice. Surely. Quickly. Bravely. Softly. Rightly.

Exercise 64.

Say what Part of Speech each word is in the following sentences, thus:—

This child was very little hurt.

Tom has an exceedingly large dog.

Lady Moon, Lady Moon, where are you roving?
Little white lily smells very sweet.

PREPOSITIONS.

75. I see the book in the desk.
I see the book on the desk,
I see the book under the desk.
I see the book beside the desk.
I see the book behind the desk.
I see the book near the desk.

Here each of the words in, on, under, beside, behind, and near shows the relation between some book and the desk.

76. Mr. Brown has traveled in Spain.

Mr. Brown has traveled through Germany.

Mr. Brown has traveled across Europe.

Mr. Brown has traveled over India.

Here the words in, through, across, and over show the relation between the traveling and Spain, Germany, Europe, and India.

77. Sheffield is famous for cutlery.

Oxford is proud of its university.
The fruit is pleasant to the eye.

Here the word for shows the relation between famous and cutlery; of shows the relation between proud and university; and to shows the relation between pleasant ande eye.

78. In the first set of examples each word showing relation stands between a Noun and a Noun; in the second set it stands between a Verb and a Noun ; in the third set it stands between an Adjective and a Noun. Thus, whether the word before it be a Noun, a Verb, or an Adjective, the word following it is a Noun.