cells wandering through the spaces in the connective tissue. The questions remain yet to be answered whether all migratory cells and pus-corpuscles originate in the blood, whether the cellular elements of connective tissue may be changed into pus, and whether the emigrants may not be transformed into other tissue elements. The latter, Dr. Frey thinks, is not to be doubted. Observers have affirmed the division of the lymphoid cells as well as their origin from the cells of the connective tissue.

This section, which we have chosen as giving a fair idea of the fulness of the range of the author's observations, concludes with an account of the microscopy of lymph, chyle, mucus, and pus. Puscells are the extravasated colourless blood-corpuscles which have collected at the point of irritation. But they are to be found at times inside epithelial cells, and the author gives an illustration of ciliated epithelium-cells containing pus-cells obtained from the respiratory mucous membrane. Remak, Buhl, and Rindfleisch assume that the pus-cells were formed in the interior of the epithelial cells. The author, however, inclines to the explanation that the included pus-cells are "those vagabonds of the body," the wandering cells which have penetrated from the tissue of the mucous membrane into the epithelial cells.

The remainder of the book the limitation of our space forbids us to analyse. Of the various sections, we may single out the one on the urinary organs as seeming to us-at least, as far as the anatomy of the kidney is concerned-especially full and valuable. The directions given for injecting and the admirable woodcuts of transverse and longitudinal sections seem to us admirably fitted to help the student. We may notice throughout that the work is profusely illustrated with clear and well-executed wood engravings, and that credit is generally given to the discoveries of English as well as Continental observers. The translation is avowedly a literal one. The translator, in his preface, apologises for the German character of the English text, but states that he found himself bound to a rigid adherence to the original by the nature of the subject, the minute descriptions, the frequent repetition of the same terms, and the impossibility of otherwise rendering justice to the author. We think, on the whole, that the work does Dr. Cutter great credit.

Fox on Ozone and Antozone.'-In this admirably finished work the author, whose name is already well known in the paths of both medicine and meteorology, has collected the scattered literature of a most interesting subject, and has systematised all that is at present known concerning ozone, and the still more mysterious antozone.

1 Ozone and Antozone, their History and Nature. When, where, why, how is Ozone observed in the Atmosphere? By CORNELIUS B. Fox, M.D. Edin., M.R.C.P. Lond., Fellow Brit. Meteor. Soc., Fellow Obstet. Soc., Member Scottish Meteor. Soc., &c. London, 1873. Pp. 329.

The task undertaken in the compilation of this book was no light one, for, perhaps, no substance has been so much written about of late years as that which owes its rediscovery (at all events) and its name to Professor Schönbein, of Basle. At the same time, so contradictory and variable in merit, so dispersed and fragmentary, were the papers which treated of ozone, that to reconcile conflicting statements, to separate what was good from what was bad, and, finally, to reduce everything to order and system, would at first sight seem almost to be a hopeless undertaking. Yet we may without flattery congratulate Dr. Fox on the large measure of success which has attended his efforts. Should that success be regarded as not complete, its incompleteness is due not to any shortcoming on his part, but to the circumstances of the case, to the somewhat unsettled and unsatisfactory state of our present knowledge of ozone. In his book Dr. Fox presents us with a digest of the most important facts relating to this body which have been established by the investigation of observers in many countries, but more especially in Germany and France; yet he does not stop here, for a large portion of the work is filled with original matter of a high degree of excellence.

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Having passed rapidly in review the chief points in the history of ozone, the author proceeds to consider what this body is. He appears to accept the hypothesis advanced by Dr. Odling, and afterwards experimentally established by M. Soret, namely, that ozone, having the formula 0,0 48, is an allotropic modification of oxygen, with a with a varying amount of which it is always associated. The methods of preparing ozone and its properties are then enumerated. "When "When is ozone observed in the atmosphere ?" is the question which next engages attention. Under this division of the subject the influence of season, of day and night, of certain atmospheric states and phenomena, as electrity, thunderstorms, halos, auroræ, phases of the moon, eclipses, asteroids, and earthquakes, is considered. The influence of the direction of the wind is illustrated by a beautifully executed coloured lithograph of an ozonoscopic windrose. In this the marked effect of sea-weeds in increasing the amount of ozone observed at a given place is well shown. "Where is ozone observed ?" is the third question which Dr. Fox seeks to answer. He considers under this heading the influence of locality on the manifestation of "nature's great deodorising and purifying principle," also the influence of height above sea-level, of local circumstances in cities and towns, and of the neighbourhood of lakes, rivers, and the sea. In seeking to answer the question "Why is ozone observed ?" occasion is taken to point out the uses of this body in nature, and especially to investigate its supposed relations to health and disease. To the physician this, perhaps, will be the most interesting part of the book, but it is to be regretted that so far our knowledge in this direction is very scanty and uncertain. Meliora

speremus. One reason why this is so appears incidentally from observations made in the following division, in which our author deals with the question. "How is ozone observed?" Speaking of the chaotic state of ozonometry, he says (p. 182) "The truth of the statement, that the estimation of ozone, as it has hitherto been conducted, is eminently unsatisfactory, will not be disputed even by the most inexperienced of observers." The portion of the book which immediately precedes and follows this quotation is of sterling value. The tests for ozone are fully enumerated and described. An account is given of the different ozonoscopes in use, and these are in most cases represented by woodcuts. The errors inherent in the old method of ozonometry are fully pointed out, and an improved method is suggested and explained at length. It is shown that the desideratum in determining the presence of ozone and in estimating its amount is a sensitive test, unaffected by any other body in the air, and capable of being readily employed. At present "there are only two tests which merit the attention of ozone observers, namely, the iodized litmus and the simple iodide of potassium test." To the former alone can the title of ozonoscope be properly applied. In explaining how ozonoscopes should be placed, so as to avoid the many possible sources of error, the author is, perhaps, rather inclined to repeat himself, but this is chiefly due to the nature of the case, and we have little doubt that in a second edition this trifling fault, if it be a fault, will disappear. When accurate estimates of the amount of ozone in the pure air of different climates and under varying atmospherical conditions have been secured, the author shows that

"We shall be in a position to attempt the elucidation of the following and many other questions, which are of immense interest and importance to the human race ;-(1) What are all the sources of atmospheric ozone? (2) How is it formed, and in what circumstances does it arise ? (3) What is its precise action on animals and plants? (4) Has an excess or deficiency of ozone any effect on the public health? (5) If so, what is the nature of that influence? (6) What is the effect of the presence of epidemics on its amount, as calculated by the improved ozonometric method? (7) Does ozone oxidize one only or all of the different kinds of organic matter found in the air?"

In conclusion, a word of congratulation is due to the publishers for the admirable manner in which they have executed the task entrusted to them in the bringing out of this work. Dr. Fox and his readers are alike fortunate in this particular.

Handbook of Medical Information.1-As usual with books of this sort, this one is addressed to intelligent persons of both sexes

1 Handbook of Medical Information and Advice; containing a brief Account of the Nature and Treatment of Common Diseases, &c. By a Physician. London, 1872. Pp. 352.

who may happen to be placed beyond the reach of a medical man, and these unhappy people are presumed to be able to find in its pages sufficient information to recognise and to treat disease. The author further hopes that the acquaintance with physic to which he introduces his readers will, in their case, "operate in exalting the reliance" they should place in medical men, and likewise diminish their eagerness "to take refuge in all varieties of quackery."

These hopes we conceive to be delusive. The superficial acquaintance with disease and remedies, which alone is obtainable from such a book, is prone rather to favour conceit in its possessors, and to induce them to play the doctor's part when a chance offers, and instead of encouraging resort to a regular practitioner and reliance upon him, it rather encourages mischievous delay, and annoying, meddling, and crude suggestions, and foolish criticisms upon medical treatment when adopted.

Medical men perpetually experience difficulty and annoyance in combating some preconceived notions the patient or his friends have formed of his case and its fitting treatment. In fact, the priggishness of a patient having the conceit of medical knowledge is about the worst variety of that pestilent feature of humanity.

Although, however, we cannot partake of the high hopes of material and moral advantages to follow acquaintance with his teachings, expressed by the author, the constantly recurring phenomenon of the publication of works similar to the present convinces us that the public will have such books; and it is well for the said public when no worse production than the one now under notice falls into their hands, for its compiler appears to have resorted to many of our best-known writers on medicine, and to have had sufficient sagacity and literary skill to extract much useful and instructive information, and to put it into a readable shape. It would be easy to show that the "physician"-author is at times in arrear in his knowledge, and doubtfully clear in his expositions of pathology, symptomatology, and treatment. If his readers are to carry out the treatment he suggests in all cases, without the oversight and direction of a qualified practitioner, we should anticipate frequent untoward results; for instance, local bleeding and tartar emetic (which latter he quotes as the remedy par excellence) are strong measures in the hands of the untrained when called upon to deal with what they may conceive to be bronchitis in its early stage.

Consumption is the longest article in the book, and in its composition the author betrays great confusion of ideas relative to its pathology, its nature, and varieties, and altogether has launched out into details out of place in a book such as he had in hand, and what, as we may tell him in his interest and for future consideration, will be little appreciated by those who refer to it, and who want to

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find "recipes" and "cures," and not etiological and statistical disquisitions.

The general get-up of the volume is highly commendable, and its contents have not the quackishness and pretentious display of many like books.

The English Factory Legislation.-A large proportion of the public, especially those outside manufacturing towns, are, we apprehend, little acquainted with the history, growth, and provisions of the Factory Acts now in operation in this kingdom. This much, however, is pretty generally recognised-that factory labour is controlled by Act of Parliament, and that the results of inspection have operated advantageously to the physical and, in some degree, to the educational condition of factory operatives.

The factory laws, however, exhibit in so wide a degree the principle of paternal government, and involve interests of such enormous magnitude, that they deserve to be more fully known than they are. Their early history, moreover, was attended by so considerable parliamentary and extra-parliamentary agitation and discussion that it possesses a spice of romance, and may be read both with curiosity and instruction. Like that of most other political developments, the history of those Acts exhibits, in one party, highly wrought accounts of the evils to be remedied and faith in the sovereign remedy proposed; and in the other, in forebodings and prophecies of dreadful consequences of the contemplated legislation, and a couleur de rose representation of the existing state of things, needing no amendment. However, the principle of Government control of labour gained the day, and the results have on all hands been admitted to be excellent.

This little work relates the history of the rise and gradual extension of factory legislation, noting the variation and growth of public opinion on the subject, and the purpose and working of the several enactments put into force to the present date.

The point of view taken by the author is essentially that of the statesman and politician. The purpose and value of the Factory Acts, considered as sanitary measures, are less apprehended, and the work effected by the medical officers appointed under the Acts taken little note of. This circumstance, however, is not much to be wondered at, seeing that the work of those officers is not a subject of official recognition, and, indeed, comes very imperfectly within the range of official knowledge.

The lesson to be drawn from all this is, that the factory medical men should make known what they are worth, what they do, and

The English Factory Legislation. By ERNST EDLER VON PLENER. Translated from the German by F. L. WEINMANN. With an Introduction by A. J. MUNDELLA, M.P. London, 1873. Pp. 175.