out great difficulty. This difficulty was accounted for by supposing that in the first case the muscles made little or no resistance to the reduction, but that in the second they contracted strongly, so as to require great force to overcome their action. It is clear, however, that the muscles do not contract so much as to counteract us in making extension, when the patient gives himself up entirely to our directions. The difficulty in reducing a luxated bone consists then in the smallness of the rupture in the capsular ligament, and the direction in which it is ruptured, so that sometimes by making a strong extension, we shall be so far from reducing the luxation, as even to render it impossible to be performed in that manner. After having used all manner of extension and means of reduction to no purpose, it sometimes happens that the bone goes into its place voluntarily as it were. Dr. Hunter says that the torn ligament embraces the head of the bone, as a button-hole does a button, and prevents its return into the joint, and that by turning the limb to and fro there is a much better chance of reducing the luxation by wriggling the bone through again, than by making strong extension, which often tightens the stricture and increases the difficulty. It may sometimes happen that a disease of the joint may so relax the capsular ligament as to allow of luxation without its being torn, but when the luxation happens from external force, I believe the ligament is always torn. The reason why in luxations the tearing of the capsular ligament does not occasion great mischief, as a wound penetrating the joint does, is because no air is admitted to it.

Irishmen with tails (p. 309).-Carpus, or Berengarius Carpensis, as he is called, wrote in the year 1520 a comment upon the book of Mundinus, which was held in the greatest veneration by himself and others, as mentioned in the introduction. He says that in fardistant western islands (he lived in Italy) there is a people called Hibernii, with long tails, two of whom he had seen, but as he had not handled them he could not tell whether the substance of the tail was cartilaginous, fleshy, or otherwise. Linnæus at this present time thinks that some of the human race have tails, for instance, the ouran outang.

Fracture of the patella (p. 358).-In a transverse fracture of the patella, the base was thought to be separated from the apex by a jerk of the muscles in the same manner as the tendo Achillis is ruptured. A man was passing through Holborn with a burthen on his head and fell backwards; his patella was fractured in the fall, though the knee did not touch the ground. This was supposed to be caused entirely by the action of the muscles; the true reason is this, viz. when the leg is in the middle state between flexion and extension, the patella is snapped by any sudden jerk in the same manner as we break a stick across the knee. When the patella is

fractured, the cavity between the fractured ends communicates with that of the joint.

Painting by Hogarth (p. 525).-Mr. Hawkins has a painting done by Mr. Hogarth of a cancer of the coat of a testicle, where the substance was perfectly free from it.

Child born through perinæum (p. 694.)-I once had a patient, in whom, while I was supporting the fore-part of the perinæum and expecting the child would make its way by degrees naturally, the head forced itself through the perinæum, between my hand and the anus, making a transverse laceration through there. The child was born through this laceration without passing through the vulva. The woman soon recovered and had no inconvenience remaining after it, for the sphincter was not torn, only the perinæum suffered, the rectum was not injured, and the woman is still alive and well.

Illness of Dr. Hunter (p. 746).-Dr. Hunter had a complaint in his right kidney, attended with bloody urine, pain sometimes severe, sometimes dull. It was supposed by his medical friends to be occasioned by calculi, but he could not think so, for when the pain was dull, if he rode out in his chariot, the pain was increased by the jolting over the pavement. It turned out to be the rheumatism, for he was seized with it in his shoulder, and from that time his nephritic complaint ceased wholly. This rheumatism was attended with bursting of vessels, for when it attacked his head, blood was extravasated in the tunica conjunctiva and about the eye.

Removal of the spleen (p. 758).-A man at the battle of Dettingen was wounded by a sabre in the left side of the abdomen. The spleen was protruded and mortified so that it was judged necessary to cut it off, except a small piece of it. The wound healed and the man did well, and continues well without any difference in his constitution to this day. Mr. Wilson, apothecary in Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, can affirm the truth of this fact, for he was surgeon of the troop to which the man belonged, and he cut the spleen.

Rupture of the esophagus (p. 773).-A man was carried to St. George's Hospital with a fractured skull; he was quite senseless from the moment of the accident, of which he died. He was wrestling, and was thrown by his antagonist on a marble floor. Dr. Hunter, whilst examining the thoracic viscera, accidentally discovered a longitudinal rupture of the œsophagus. He supposes it was done by the man's antagonist at the time of the fall, having one arm round the neck so as to compress the oesophagus, and the other arm round his belly so as to compress the contents of the stomach into the œsophagus and burst it.

The uterine sound (p. 854). A woman after delivery had such a fulness and hardness at the bottom of her abdomen, that she was thought to have another child; but by examining the uterus with a probe, it was found contracted, so that there could be no other

child remaining. The woman died, and upon opening the body, the spleen was found greatly enlarged, and had changed its situation so as to give the appearance of a child in utero when the abdomen was examined.

Offensive breath (p. 950) may be owing to rotten teeth, or to animal substances sticking and putrefying about them; but the worst kind of offensive breath is caused by neither of these. Though the mouth and teeth be ever so clean, yet it continues and is supposed to be a mark of bad health, which is, however, a false supposition. Its origin is owing to a disorder of the tonsils. For the cavities, if examined, are found to contain a pretty firm mucus, which when picked out smells very offensively. It may be remedied by rubbing and sponging the tonsils every now and then with a piece of sponge fixed to the end of a stick, to get at the mucus. If this does not cure it, that part of the gland, where the mucus accumulates, may be cut out without any detriment to the patient.

A patient operates for hydrocele (p. 1026).-A scissors-grinder had this complaint, and I often let the water out; at length he performed the operation himself with a sharp-pointed knife, and did not return to me for help.

Early operation for harelip (p. 1093).-If the case is favorable, the operation should be performed as soon as possible after the child is born, because in the first days the child takes but little nourishment, and in the meantime the wound is cured. In all the cases, where I have performed the operation soon after birth, it has always succeeded. I would advise it to be done two or three hours after birth.

Derivation of trephine (p. 1112).-We generally use the trephine since Woodall's time. He was its inventor, and called it so from its having three ends (tres fines).

Compression of subclavian in amputation at the shoulder (p. 1140).—I was the first to recommend pressure to be made on the artery where it passes over the first rib, to answer the purpose of the tourniquet in other amputations.

(p.

Cases of embalming (p. 1148).-Two or three years ago a lady died in London, whom I much respected. I was desired by the family to enbalm her. We tried and it seems to be successful, as it is now in a leaden box and in fine condition. In January 1774, a gentleman requested that his wife should be preserved in the same manner; she died gradually. March 1, 1776, I saw her, and found all moisture going off. I think what remains will be entirely deprived of the power of putrefaction.

Chronicle of Medical Science.

REPORT ON SCANDINAVIAN MEDICINE.1

By J. W. MOORE, M.D., M.Ch., Dubl.,

Diplomate in State Medicine and Ex-Schol. Trin. Coll., Dublin; Honorary Fellow of the Swedish Society of Physicians.

1. FOLLOWING the precedent laid down in last year's "Report on Scandinavian Medicine," we take up the 'Northern Medical Archives' first in order of the journals and works under review.

List of Journals, Papers, and Works, analysed in the above Report.

1. Nordiskt Medicinskt Arkiv.' Redigeradt af Dr. Axel Key. Fjärde Bandet. Med 14 Taflor och flere Träsnitt. 1872. Stockholm. 'Northern Archives of Medicine.' Edited by Dr. AXEL KEY. Fourth Volume. With 14 Plates and several Woodcuts. 8vo.

2. Hygiea: Medicinsk och Farmaceutisk Månads-skrift.' Trettiofjerde Bandet. No. 1-12. Januari-December, 1872. Redigerad af Dr. A. JÄDERHOLM. Stockholm. Hygiea: a Monthly Journal of Medicine and Pharmacy.' Thirty-fourth Volume. Nos. 1-12. January to December (inclusive), 1872. Edited by Dr. A. JÄDERHOLM. Stockholm.

3. Förhandlingar vid Svenska Läkare-Sällskapets Sammankomster, år 1872. Protokollsförande Dr. EDHOLM. Proceedings of the Meetings of the Swedish Society of Physicians in 1872.' Edited by Dr. EDHOLM, Secretary.

4. Svenska Läkare-Sällskapets Nya Handlingar.' Serien II, Delen V. 1. 'New Transactions of the Swedish Society of Physicians.' Second Series. Part V, 1. 8vo, pp. 126.

5. Upsala Läkareförenings Förhandlingar.' Sjunde Bandet. Häftet 1-7. Upsala, 1871 och 1872. Proceedings of the Upsala Medical Association.' Vol. VII. Parts 1-7 inclusive. Upsala, 1871 and 1872.

6. 'Norsk Magazin for Lægevidenskaben.' Udgivet af det Medicinske Selskab i Christiania. Tredie Række, andet Bind. Christiania, 1872. 'Norwegian Magazine of Medical Science.' Published by the Medical Society of Christiana. Third Series. Vol. II. 8vo, pp. 750.

7. Forhandlinger i det Norske medicinske Selskab i 1872.' Christiania, 1872. 'Proceedings of the Norwegian Medical Society in 1872.' 8vo.

8. Det mekaniske Misforhold under Foedslen og dets Behandling.' Af Dr. A. STADFELDT. Andet og tredje Hefter. Kjöbenhavn, 1873. Mechanical Disproportion during Parturition, and its Treatment.' By Dr. A. STADFELDT. Parts II and III. Copenhagen, 1873.

9. Beretning om den Kongl. Foedsels-og Pleie-Stiftelse i Kjöbenhavn for Aaret fra 1ste April 1871 til 31te Marts 1872. Kjöbenhavn, 1872. 'Report of the Royal Lying-in Hospital and Orphan House of Copenhagen for the year ending March 31st, 1872. Copenhagen, 1872.

10. Hospitals-Tidende: Optegnelser af praktisk Lægekunst fra Ind-og Udlandet.' 1872. 15de Aargang. Kjöbenhavn. Hospital Gazette: Notes on Practical Medical Science, Home and Foreign.' 15th Annual Volume. Copenhagen. Folio, pp. 208.

11. Ugeskrift for Læger.' 3dje Række XV.

Nr. 1-22. D. 4. Januar 1873

-D. 3. Maj 1873. Redigeret af Dr. F. TRIER. Kjöbenhavn. 'Weekly Medical

"From the Hospitals in Germany and France" is the title of the first paper in the present, the fourth, volume of this valuable periodical. The author is Dr. Jacob Heiberg of Christiania, who, on receiving a "stipend from the public funds for the purpose of studying general and ophthalmic surgery," proceeded to Berlin in the year 1870 with the intention of seeking duty in the Prussian army hospitals. An interesting account is given of the magnificent Barrack Hospital which was constructed on the parade ground at Templehof in the outskirts of Berlin. In this Dr. Heiberg served as a volunteer from the end of August, 1870, to the middle of March, 1871. As a full description of this establishment was published in the English medical journals of the time, it will suffice to state here that it consisted of fifty barrack hospitals, each containing from twenty-seven to thirty beds, with 27,000 to 30,000 cubic feet of air, or 1000 cubic feet per patient. Fifteen of the buildings were constructed at the expense of the state (the so-called "Fiscal" group), fifteen at that of the Berlin Aid Society (the "Hülfs-Verein" group), and twenty by the City of Berlin (the "Municipal" group). The different barracks lay échelon-fashion to each other in the form of an enormous W, with their long diameters from east to west, so that the prevailing wind might sweep over all the buildings at once. In the autumn, and when the severity of the winter was past, many of the patients used, immediately after the morning visit of the surgeons, to be carried out into the open air, where they lay, ate, smoked, read novels, and were often even chloroformed and operated on. The author describes how the hurtful influence of hospital air told on the physicians themselves in the winter season, when they were obliged to work within the wards. They decreased in weight, lost appetite, became subject to catarrh, sore throat, epistaxis and so on, and were all inclined to be drowsy.

Rather an amusing account is given of the extent to which disinfection by carbolic acid was carried in the treatment of the wounded. "In the war of 1864 the favourite disinfectant was liquor chlori, in 1866 permanganate of potash, and in the present war carbolic acid, and carbolic acid to a degree of which one can form no conception. Journal.' Third Series. Vol. XV. Nos. 1 to 22 inclusive. January 4th to May 3rd, 1873. Edited by Dr. F. TRIER. Copenhagen.

12. 'Oversigt over Köbenhavns Sygdomsforhold, navnlig de epidemiske, i 1870.' Aftryk af 'Ugeskrift f. Læger,' 3 R., XII, Nr. 5, 1871. Meddelt af Stadslæge, Dr. Med. P. A. SCHLEISNER. 'Oversigt over Köbenhavns fornemlig epidemiske Sygdomsforhold i 1871.' Aftryk af Ugeskrift f. Læger,' 3 R., XIV, Nr. 7, 8, 1872. Meddelt af Stadslæge, Dr. Med. P. A. SCHLEISNER. 'Review of the Morbility of Copenhagen, especially as regards Epidemic Diseases, in 1870.' Reprint from the Ugeskrift for Læger,' 3rd Series, Vol. XII, No. 5, 1871, By Dr. P. A. SCHLEISNER, Medical Officer of Health to the City. Review of the Chief Epidemic Affections observed at Copenhagen in 1871.' Reprint from the Ugeskrift for Læger,' 3rd Series, Vol. XIV, Nos. 7 and 8, 1872. By Dr. P. A. SCHLEIS NER, Medical Officer of Health.

13. Om Börns Anvendelse i Fabriker, særlig med Hensyn til vore Forhold.' Af Dr. E. HORNEMANN. Kjöbenhavn, 1872.

'On the Employment of Children in Factories, with Special Reference to our Arrangements. By Dr. E. HORNEMANN. Copenhagen, 1872. Reprint, pp. 44.