Language Acquisition: The Age FactorMultilingual Matters, 1989 - Всего страниц: 323 There is a widespread belief, both in the scientific world and in society at large, that the way in which and the extent to which one learns a language is dependent on one's age. In discussions of first language acquisition reference is constantly made to the notions of 'speech milestones' -- predictable age-related stages -- and 'critical period' -- a phase of 'language readiness' before and beyond which language acquisition is claimed to be impossible or very difficult. This latter concept is also widely referred to in connection with second language acquisition, albeit sometimes in the more tentative terms of 'optimal period' or 'sensitive period'. This book sets out to examine the evidence for an age factor in language acquisition, the sources of which range from studies of 'wolf-children' to research into the mental capacities of the very old. It goes on to explore the various explanations that have been advanced to account for such evidence and the interplay between the age question and broader theoretical issues. On a more practical note, the last major section of the book looks at the educational ramifications of the age question, with particular regard to formal second language teaching. |
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Стр. 130
... approach implied by her subjects ' behaviour and that established for first language learners were not age - related . It will be recalled that her experimental group was composed of children ranging in age from four to nine years ...
... approach implied by her subjects ' behaviour and that established for first language learners were not age - related . It will be recalled that her experimental group was composed of children ranging in age from four to nine years ...
Стр. 258
... approach which is to be used with such learners . It has been argued in recent years by various adult educationalists that adult students are different enough from their juniors to require their own particular set of learning conditions ...
... approach which is to be used with such learners . It has been argued in recent years by various adult educationalists that adult students are different enough from their juniors to require their own particular set of learning conditions ...
Стр. 261
... approach yielded significantly higher results with their adult subjects than an approach from which explicit grammatical analysis was absent . - Finally , because of the oral - aural difficulties of older adult learners , it has been ...
... approach yielded significantly higher results with their adult subjects than an approach from which explicit grammatical analysis was absent . - Finally , because of the oral - aural difficulties of older adult learners , it has been ...
Содержание
EVIDENCE OF SPEECH MILESTONES | 8 |
The end of the critical period | 45 |
First language development after puberty | 54 |
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ability accent according acquired adult advantage appear approach aspects associated beginning better bilingualism brain capacity Chapter child cited claim cognitive communication comprehension concerned continuing critical period developmental discussion early effects emerges English evidence example experience explanation exposure fact factor findings foreign language French functions further given grade hand hemisphere hypothesis immersion indicate input instruction interpretation involved kind Krashen language development later least less linguistic major maturation mean memory mental months native nature normal older learners particular performance position possible present Press problems produced proficiency programme progress pronunciation Psychology pupils question reading reference regard relation reported respect response scores second language acquisition second language learning sentences similar skills speech stage structures studies subjects successful suggests teaching University York younger younger learners