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either weighed out, or culled out; and warily to pro- | being the most lucrative, may bear usury at a good vide, that, while we make forth to that which is better, we meet not with that which is worse.

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The discommodities of usury are, first, that it makes fewer merchants; for were it not for this lazy trade of usury, money would not lie still, but would in great part be employed upon merchandising, which is the vena porta "s of wealth in a state: the second, that it makes poor merchants; for as a farmer cannot husband his ground so well if he sit at a great rent, so the merchant cannot drive his trade so well, if he sith at great usury: the third is incident to the other two; and that is, the decay of customs of kings, or states, which ebb or flow with merchandising: the fourth, that it bringeth the treasure of a realm or state into a few hands; for the usurer being at certainties, and others at uncertainties, at the end of the game most of the money will be in the box; and ever a state flourisheth when wealth is more equally spread the fifth, that it beats down the price of land; for the employment of money is chiefly either merchandising, or purchasing, and usury waylays both the sixth, that it doth dull and damp all industries, improvements, and new inventions, wherein money would be stirring, if it were not for this slug: the last, that it is the canker and ruin of many men's estates, which in process of time breeds a public poverty.

:

:

On the other side, the commodities of usury are, first, that howsoever usury in some respect hindereth merchandising, yet in some other it advanceth it; for it is certain that the greatest part of trade is driven by young merchants upon borrowing at interest; so as if the usurer either call in, or keep back his money, there will ensue presently a great stand of trade the second is, that were it not for this easy borrowing upon interest, men's necessities would draw upon them a most sudden undoing, in that they would be forced to sell their means (be it lands or goods), far under foot, and so, whereas usury doth but gnaw upon them, bad markets would swallow them quite up. As for mortgaging or pawning, it will little mend the matter: for either men will not take pawns without use, or if they do, they will look precisely for the forfeiture. I remember a cruel moneyed man in the country, that would say, "The devil take this usury, it keeps us from forfeitures of mortgages and bonds." The third and last is, that it is a vanity to conceive that there would he ordinary borrowing without profit; and it is impossible to conceive the number of inconveniences that will ensue, if borrowing be cramped: therefore to speak of the abolishing of usury is idle; all states have ever had it in one kind or rate, or other; so as that opinion must be sent to Utopia.'

To speak now of the reformation and reglement of usury, how the discommodities of it may be best avoided, and the commodities retained. It appears, by the balance of commodities and discommodities of usury, two things are to be reconciled; the one that the tooth of usury be grinded, that it bite not too much; the other, that there be left open a means to invite moneyed men to lend to the merchants, for the continuing and quickening of trade. This cannot be done, except you introduce two several sorts of usury, a less and a greater; for if you reduce usury to one low rate, it will ease the common borrower, but the merchant will be to seek for money: and it is to be noted, that the trade of merchandise

* See Note to Essay xix.

h Hold.

rate: other contracts not so.

To serve both intentions, the way would be briefly thus: that there be two rates of usury; the one free and general for all; the other under license only to certain persons, and in certain places of merchandising. First, therefore, let usury in general be reduced to five in the hundred, and let that rate be proclaimed to be free and current; and let the state shut itself out to take any penalty for the same; this will preserve borrowing from any general stop or dryness; this will ease infinite borrowers in the country; this will, in good part, raise the price of land, because land purchased at sixteen years' purchase will yield six in the hundred, and somewhat more whereas this rate of interest yields but five: this by like reason will encourage and edge industries and profitable improvements, because many will rather venture in that kind, than take five in the hundred, especially having been used to greater profit. Secondly, let there be certain persons licensed to lend to known merchants upon usury, at a higher rate, and let it be with the cautions following: let the rate be, even with the merchant himself, somewhat more easy than that he used formerly to pay; for by that means all borrowers shall have some case by this reformation, be he merchant, or whoseever; let it be no bank or common stock, but every man be master of his own money; not that I altogether is like banks. but they will hardly be brooked, in regard to certain suspicions. Let the state be answered, some small matter for the license, and the rest left to the lender; for if the abatement be but small, it will no whit discourage the lender; for he, for example, that took before ten or nine in the hundred, will sooner descend to eight in the hundred, than give over his trade of usury, and go from certain gains to gains of hazard. Let these licensed lenders be in number indefinite, but restrained to certain principal cities and towns of merchandising; for then they will be hardly able to color other men's moneys in the country: so as the license of nine will not suck away the current rate of five; for no man will send his moneys far off, nor put them into unknown hands.

If it be objected that this doth in a sort authorize usury, which before was in some places but permissive; the answer is, that it is better to mitigate usury by declaration, than to suffer it to rage by connivance,

XLII.-OF YOUTH AND AGE.

A MAN that is young in years may be old in hours, if he have lost no time; but that happeneth rarely. Generally, youth is like the first cogitations, not so wise as the second: for there is a youth in thoughts, as well as in ages; and yet the invention of young men is more lively than that of old, and imaginations stream into their minds better, and, as it were, more divinely. Natures that have much heat, and great and violent desires and perturbations, are not ripe for action till they have passed the meridian of their years: as it was with Julius Cæsar and Septimius Severus; of the latter of whom it is said, “ Juventutem egit erroribus, imo furoribus plenam:" and yet he was the ablest emperor, almost, of all the list; but reposed natures may do well in youth, as it is seen in Augustus Cæsar, Cosmus Duke of Florence, Gaston de Foix, and others. On the other side, heat and Be paid.

a "He passed his youth full of errors, of madness even." b He was nephew of Louis XII of France, and com

The imaginary country described in Sir Thomas More's manded the French armies in Italy against the Spaniards. political romance of that name.

k Regulation.

After a brilliant career, he was killed at the battle of Ravenna, in 1512.

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vivacity in age is an excellent composition for busi- | holds not always: for Augustus Cæsar, Titus Vesness. Young men are fitter to invent than to judge, pasianus, Philip le Bel of France, Edward the Fourth fitter for execution than for counsel, and fitter for of England, Alcibiades of Athens, Ismael the Sophy new projects than for settled business; for the expe- of Persia, were all high and great spirits, and yet the rience of age, in things that fall within the compass most beautiful men of their times. In beauty, that of it, directeth them; but in new things abuseth of favor, is more than that of color; and that of dethem. The errors of young men are the ruin of cent and gracious motion, more than that of favor. business; but the errors of aged men amount but to That is the best part of beauty, which a picture canthis, that more might have been done, or sooner. not express; no, nor the first sight of the life. There Young men, in the conduct and manage of actions, is no excellent beauty that hath not some strangeembrace more than they can hold, stir more than ness in the proportion. A man cannot tell whether they can quiet; fly to the end, without consideration Apelles or Albert Durer were the more trifler; of the means and degrees; pursue some few pripci- whereof the one would make a personage by geometples which they have chanced upon absurdly; care rical proportions: the other, by taking the best parts not to innovate, which draws unknown inconveni- out of divers faces to make one excellent. Such perences; use extreme remedies at first; and that, which sonages, I think, would please nobody but the painter doubleth all errors, will not acknowledge or retract that made them: not but I think a painter may make them, like an unready horse, that will not neither a better face than ever was; but he must do it by a stop nor turn. Men of age object too much, consult kind of felicity (as a musician that maketh an extoo long, adventure too little, repent too soon, and cellent air in music), and not by rule. A man shall seldom drive business home to the full period, but see faces, that, if you examine them part by part, you content themselves with a mediocrity of success. shall find never a good; and yet altogether do well. Certainly it is good to compound employments of If it be true that the principal part of beauty is in both; for that will be good for the present, because decent motion, certainly it is no marvel, though perthe virtues of either age may correct the defects of sons in years seem many times more amiable; "Pulboth; and good for succession, that young men may chrorum autumnus pulcher; " for no youth can be be learners, while men in age are actors; and, lastly, comely but by pardon, and considering the youth as good for extern accidents, because authority fol- to make up the comeliness. Beauty is as summer loweth old men, and favor and popularity youth: but, fruits, which are easy to corrupt, and cannot last; for the moral part, perhaps, youth will have the pre- and, for the most part, it makes a dissolute youth, eminence, as age hath for the politic. A certain rab- and an age a little out of countenance; but yet cerbin, upon the text, "Your young men shall see tainly again, if it light well, it maketh virtues shine, visions, and your old men shall dream dreams," in- and vices blush. ferreth that young men are admitted nearer to God than old, because vision is a clearer revelation than a dream; and certainly, the more a man drinketh of the world, the more it intoxicateth: and age doth profit rather in the powers of understanding, than in the virtues of the will and affections. There be some have an over-early ripeness in their years, which fadeth betimes: these are, first, such as have brittle wits, the edge whereof is soon turned: such as was Hermogenes the rhetorician, whose books are exceeding subtle, who afterwards waxed stupid: second sort is of those' that have some natural dispositions, which have better grace in youth than in age; such as is a fluent and luxuriant speech, which becomes youth well, but not age: so Tully saith of Hortensius, "Idem manebat, neque idem decebat: " the third is of such as take too high a strain at the first, and are magnanimous more than tract of years can uphold; as was Scipio Africanus, of whom Livy saith, in effect," Ultima primis cedebant."

XLIII-OF BEAUTY.

XLIV. OF DEFORMITY.

DEFORMED persons are commonly even with nature; for as nature hath done ill by them, so do they by nature, being for the most part (as the Scripture saith), "void of natural affection; "a and so they have their revenge of nature. Certainly there is a consent between the body and the mind, and where nature aerreth in the one, she ventureth in the other: "Ubi peccat in uno, periclitatur in altero: " but because there is in man an election, touching the frame of his mind, and a necessity in the frame of his body, the stars of natural inclination are sometimes obscured by the sun of discipline and virtue; therefore it is good to consider of deformity, not as a sign which is more deceivable, but as a cause which seldom faileth of the effect. Whosoever hath anything fixed in his person that doth not induce contempt, hath also a perpetual spur in himself to rescue and deliver himself from scorn; therefore, all deformed persons are extreme bold; first, as in their own defense, as being exposed to scorn, but in process of time by a general habit. Also it stirreth in them industry, and especially of this kind, to watch and observe the weakness of others, that they may have somewhat to repay. Again, in the superiors, it quencheth jealousy towards them, as persons that they think they may at pleasure despise: and it layeth their competitors and emulators asleep, as never believing they should be in possibility of advancement till they see

VIRTUE is like a rich stone, best plain set; and surely virtue is best in a body that is comely, though not of delicate features; and that hath rather dignity of presence, than beauty of aspect; neither is it almost seen that very beautiful persons are otherwise of great virtue; as if nature were rather busy not to err, than in labor to produce excellency; and therefore they prove accomplished, but not of great spirit; and study rather behavior, than virtue. But this

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them in possession; so that upon the matter, in a huge buildings as the Vatican and Escurial, and great wit, deformity is an advantage to rising. Kings some others be, and yet scarce a very fair room in in ancient times (and at this present in some coun- them. tries) were wont to put great trust in eunuchs, because they that are envious towards all are more obnoxious and officious towards one; but yet their trust towards them hath rather been as to good spials, and good whisperers, than good magistrates and officers: and much like is the reason of deformed persons. Still the ground is, they will, if they be of spirit, seek to free themselves from scorn: which must be either by virtue or malice; and, therefore, let it not be marvelled, if sometimes they prove excellent persons; as was Agesilaüs, Zanger the son of Solyman, Esop, Gasca president of Peru; and Socrates may go likewise amongst them, with others.

XLV. OF BUILDING.

First, therefore, I say, you cannot have a perfect palace, except you have two several sides; a side for the banquet, as is spoken of in the book of Esther,' and a side for the household; the one for feasts and triumphs, and the other for dwelling. I understand both these sides to be not only returns, but parts of the front; and to be uniform without, though sev erally partitioned within; and to be on both sides of a great and stately tower in the midst of the front, that as it were joineth them together on either hand. I would have, on the side of the banquet in front, one only goodly room above stairs, of some forty foot high; and under it a room for a dressing or preparing place, at times of triumphs. On the other side, which is the household side. I wish it divided at the first into a hall and a chapel, with a partition between), both of good state and bigness; and those not to go all the length, but to have at the further HOUSES are built to live in, and not to look on; end a winter and a summer parlor, both fair; and therefore let use be preferred before uniformity, ex- under these rooms a fair and large cellar sunk uncept where both may be had. Leave ungoodly der ground; and likewise some privy kitchens, with fabrics of houses, for beauty only, to the enchanted butteries and pantries, and the like. As for the palaces of the poets, who build them with small cost. tower, I would have it two stories, of eighteen foot He that builds a fair house upon an ill seat,a com- high apiece above the two wings; and a goodly mitteth himself to prison: neither do I reckon it an leads upon the top, railed with statues interposed; ill seat only where the air is unwholesome, but like- and the same tower to be divided into rooms, as wise where the air is unequal; as you shall see shall be thought fit. The stairs likewise to the many fine seats set upon a knap of ground, en- upper rooms, let them be upon a fair open newels vironed with higher hills round about it, whereby and finely railed in with images of wood cast into the heat of the sun is pent in, and the wind gath- a brass color; and a very fair landing-place at the ereth as in troughs; so as you shall have, and that top. But this to be, if you do not point any of suddenly, as great diversity of heat and cold as if the lower rooms for a dining-place of servants; you dwelt in several places. Neither is it ill air for, otherwise, you shall have the servants' dinner only that maketh an ill seat; but ill ways, ill mar-after your own: for the steam of it will come up kets, and, if you will consult with Momus, ill neigh-as in a tunnel. And so much for the front: only I bors. I speak not of many more; want of water, want understand the height of the first stairs to be sixof wood, shade, and shelter, want of fruitfulness, and teen foot, which is the height of the lower room. mixture of grounds of several natures; want of prospect, want of level grounds, want of places at some near distance for sports of hunting, hawking, and races; too near the sea, too remote; having the commodity of navigable rivers, or the discommodity of their overflowing; too far off from the great cities, which may hinder business; or too near them, which lurcheth all provision and maketh everything dear; where a man hath a great living laid together; and where he is scanted; all which, as it is impossible perhaps to find together, so it is good to know them, and think of them, that a man may take as many as he can; and if he have several dwellings, that he sort them so,that what he wanteth in the one he may find in the other. Lucullus answered Pompey well, who, when he saw his stately galleries and rooms so large and lightsome, in one of his houses, said; "Surely an excellent place for summer, but how do you in winter?" Lucullus answered," Why, do you not think me as wise as some fowls are, that ever change their abode towards the winter?"

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Beyond this front is there to be a fair court, but three sides of it of a far lower building than the front: and in all the four corners of that court fair staircases, cast into turrets on the outside, and not within the row of buildings themselves: but those towers are not to be of the height of the front, but rather proportionable to the lower building. Let the court not be paved, for that striketh up a great heat in summer, and much cold in winter: but only some side alleys with a cross, and the quarters to graze, being kept shorn, but not too near shorn. The row of return on the banquet side, let it be all stately galleries: in which galleries let there be three or five fine cupolas in the length of it, placed at equal distance, and fine colored windows of several works: on the household side, chambers of presence and or dinary entertainments, with some bed-chambers: and let all three sides be a double house, without thorough lights on the sides, that you may have rooms from the sun, both for forenoon and afternoon. Cast it also, that you may have rooms both for summer and winter; shady for summer, and warm for winter. You shall have sometimes fair houses so full of glass, that one cannot tell where to become to be out of the sun or cold. For inbowed windows, I

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hola tnem of good use (in cities, indeed, upright' do better, in respect of the uniformity towards the street); for they be pretty retiring places for conference: and besides, they keep both the wind and sun off; for that which would strike almost through the room doth scarce pass the window but let them be but few, four in the court, on the sides only.

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trees, lemon-trees, and myrtles, if they be stoved;" and sweet marjoram, warm set. There followeth, for the latter part of January and February, the mezereon-tree, which then blossoms: crocus vernus, both the yellow and the grey; primroses, anemones, the early tulip, the hyacinthus orientalis, chamaïris fritellaria. For March, there comes violets, especially Beyond this court, let there be an inward court, of the single blue, which are the earliest; the yellow the same square and height, which is to be environed daffodil, the daisy, the almond-tree in blossom, the with the garden on all sides; and in the inside, peach-tree in blossom, the cornelian-tree in blossom, cloistered on all sides upon decent and beautiful sweet-briar. In April follow the double white violet, arches, as high as the first story: on the under story the wall-flower, the stock-gilliflower, the cowslip, towards the garden, let it be turned to grotto, or place flower-de-luces, and lilies of all natures; rosemaryof shade, or estivation; and only have opening and flowers, the tulip, the double peony, the pale daffodil, windows towards the garden, and be level upon the the French honeysuckle, the cherry-tree in blossom, the floor, no whit sunk under ground to avoid all damp-damascenes and plum-trees in blossoms, the white ishness: and let there be a fountain, or some fair thorn in leaf, the lilac-tree. In May and June come work of statues in the midst of this court, and to be pinks of all sorts, specially the blush-pink; roses of paved as the other court was. These buildings to all kinds, except the musk, which comes later; honeybe for privy lodgings on both sides, and the end for suckles, strawberries, bugloss, columbine, the French privy galleries; whereof you must forsee that one of marygold, flos Africanus, cherry-tree in fruit, ribes, them be for an infirmary, if the prince or any special figs in fruit, rasps, vine-flowers, lavender in flowers, person should be sick, with chambers, bed-chamber, the sweet satyrian, with the white flower; herba “anticamera,"m and recamera,' ‚” joining to it; this muscaria, lilium convallium, the apple-tree in blosupon the second story. Upon the ground story, a som. In July come gilliflowers of all varieties, muskfair gallery, open, upon pillars; and upon the third roses, the lime-tree in blossom, early pears, and plums story, likewise an open gallery upon pillars, to take in fruit, genitings, codlins. In August come plums the prospect and freshness of the garden. At both of all sorts in fruit, pears, apricots, barberries, filberts, corners of the further side, by way of return, let musk-melons, monks-hoods, of all colors. In Septhere be two delicate or rich cabinets, daintily paved, tember come grapes, apples, poppies of all colors, richly hanged, glazed with crystalline glass, and a peaches, melocotones, nectarines, cornelians, warrich cupola in the midst; and all other elegancy that dens, quinces. In October, and the beginning of can be thought upon. In the upper gallery, too, I November come services, medlars, bullaces, roses cut wish that there may be, if the place will yield it, or removed to come late, hollyoaks, and such like. some fountains running, in divers places from the These particulars are for the climate of London; but wall, with some fine avoidances." And thus much my meaning is perceived, that you may have "ver for the model of the palace; save that you must have, perpetuum," as the place affords. before you come to the front, three courts; a green court plain, with a wall about it; a second court or the same, but more garnished with little turrets, or rather embellishments, upon the wall; and a third court, to make a square with the front, but not to be built, nor yet enclosed with a naked wall, but enclosed with terraces leaded aloft, and fairly garnished on the three sides; and cloistered on the inside with pillars, and not with arches below. As for offices et them stand at distance, with some low galleries, to pass from them to the palace itself.

XLVI.-OF GARDENS.

GOD Almighty first planted a garden; and, indeed: it is the purest of human pleasures; it is the greatest refreshment to the spirits of man; without which buildings and palaces are but gross handy-works: and a man shall ever see, that, when ages grow to civility and elegancy, men come to build stately, sooner than to garden finely; as if gardening were the greater perfection. I do hold it in the royal ordering of gardens, there ought to be gardens for all the months in the year, in which, severally, things of beauty may be then in season. For December, and January, and the latter part of November, you must take such things as are green all winter: holly, ivy, bays, juniper, cypress-tree, yew, pineapple-trees; fir-trees, rosemary, lavender; periwinkle, the white, the purple, and the blue; germander, flags, orange

1 Flush with the wall.

m Anti-chamber.
n Withdrawing-room.

• Watercourses.

a Pine-trees.

And because the breath of flowers is far sweeter in the air (where it comes and goes, like the warbling of music), than in the hand, therefore nothing is more fit for that delight, than to know what be the flowers and plants that do best perfume the air. Roses, damask and red, are fast flowers of their smells; so that you may walk by a whole row of them, and find nothing of their sweetness; yea, though it be in a morning's dew. Bays, likewise, yield no smell as they grow, rosemary little, nor sweet marjoram; that which, above all others, yields the sweetest smell in the air, is the violet, especially the white double violet, which comes twice a year,about middle of April, and about Bartholomew-tide. Next to that is the musk-rose; then the strawberry-leaves dying, with a most excellent cordial smell; then the flower of the vines, it is a little dust like the dust of a bent, which grows upon the cluster in the first coming forth; then sweet-briar, then wall-flowers, which are very delightful to be set upon a parlor or lower chamber window; then pinks and gilliflowers, specially the matted pink and clove gilliflower; then the flowers of the lime-tree; then the honeysuckles, so they be somewhat afar off. Of bean-flowers' I speak not, because they are field flowers; but those which perfume the air most delightfully, not passed

b Kept warm in a greenhouse.

e The damson, or plum of Damascus.
d Currants.

e An apple that is gathered very early.
fA kind of quince, so called from "cotoneum," or
"cydonium," the Latin name of the quince.

The fruit of the cornel-tree.

h The warden was a large pear, so called from its keeping well. Warden-pie was formerly much esteemed in this country.

i Perpetual spring.

Flowers that do not send forth their smell at any dis

tance.

k A species of grass of the genus argostis.

1 The blossoms of the bean.

by as the rest, but being trodden upon and crushed, are three; that is, burnet, wild thyme, and watermints; therefore you are to set whole alleys of them, to have the pleasure when you walk or tread.

For fountains, they are a great beauty and refreshment; but pools mar all, and make the garden unwholesome, and full of flies .and frogs. Fountains I intend to be of two natures; the one that sprinkleth or spouteth water: the other a fair recipt of water, of some thirty or forty foot square, but without fish, or slime, or mud. For the first, the ornaments of images, gilt or of marble, which are in use, do well: but the main matter is so to convey the water, as it never stay, either in the bowls or in the cistern: that the water be never by rest discolored, green, or red, or the like, or gather any mossiness or putrefaction; besides that, it is to be cleaned every day by the hand: also some steps up to it, and some fine pavement about it doth well. As for the other kind of fountain, which we may call a bathing-pool, it may admit much curiosity and beauty, wherewith we will not trouble ourselves: as, that the bottom be finely paved, and with images; the sides likewise; and withal embellished with colored glass, and such things of lustre; encompassed also with fine rails of low statues: but the main point is the same which we mentioned in the former kind of fountain; which is, that the water be in perpetual motion, fed by a water higher than the pool, and deliverd into it by fair spouts, and then discharged away under ground, by some equality by bores, that it stay little; and for fine devices, of arching water without spilling, and making it rise in several forms (of feathers, drinking-glasses, canopies, and the like), they be pretty things to look on, but nothing

For gardens (speaking of those which are indeed prince-like, as we have done of buildings), the contents ought not well to be under thirty acres of ground, and to be divided into three parts; a green in the entrance, a heath, or desert, in the going forth, and the main garden in the midst, besides alleys on both sides; and I like well, that four acres of ground be assigned to the green, six to the heath, four and four to either side, and twelve to the main garden. The green hath two pleasures: the one, because nothing is more pleasant to the eye than green grass kept finely shorn; the other, because it will give you a fair alley in the midst, by which you may go in front upon a stately hedge, which is to enclose the garden: but because the alley will be long, and in great heat of the year, or day, you ought not to buy the shade in the garden by going in the sun through the green, therefore you are, of either side the green, to plant a covert alley, upon carpenter's work, about twelve foot in height, by which you may go in shade into the garden. As for the making of knots, or figures, with divers colored earths, that they may lie under the windows of the house on that side which the garden stands, they be but toys; you may see as good sights many times in tarts. The garden is best to be square, encompassed on all the four sides with a stately arched hedge; the arches to be upon pillars of carpenter's work, of some ten foot high, and six foot For the heath, which was the third part of our broad, and the spaces between of the same dimen- plot, I wish it to be framed as much as may be to a sion with the breadth of the arch. Over the arches natural wildness. Trees I would have none in it, let there be an entire hedge of some four foot high, but some thickets made only of sweet-briar and framed also upon carpenter's work; and upon the honeysuckle, and some wild vine amongst; and the upper hedge, over every arch, a little turret, with ground set with violets, strawberries, and primroses; a belly enough to receive a cage of birds: and over for these are sweet, and prosper in the shade; and every space between the arches some other little these to be in the heath here and there, not in any figure, with broad plates of round colored glass gilt, order. I like also little heaps, in the nature of molefor the sun to play upon: but this hedge I intend hills (such as are in wild heaths), to be set, some with to be raised upon a bank, not steep but gently slope, wild thyme, some with pinks, some with germander, of some six foot, set all with flowers. Also I under- that gives a good flower to the eye; some with peristand, that this square of the garden should not be winkle, some with violets, some with strawberries, the whole breadth of the ground, but to leave on some with cowslips, some with daisies, some with red either side ground enough for diversity of side roses, some with lilium convallium, some with sweetalleys, unto which the two covert alleys of the green williams red, some with bear's-foot, and the like low may deliver you; but there must be no alleys flowers, being withal sweet and sightly; part of with hedges at either end of this great enclosure; which heaps to be with standards of little bushes not at the hither end, for letting your prospect pricked upon their top, and part without: the standupon this fair hedge from the green; nor at the fur-ards to be roses, juniper, holly, barberries (but here ther end, for letting your prospect from the hedge through the arches upon heath.

For the ordering of the ground within the great hedge, I leave it to variety of device; advising, nevertheless, that whatsoever form you cast it into first, it be not too bushy, or full of work; wherein I, for my part, do not like images cut out in juniper or other garden stuff; they be for children. Little low hedges, round like welts, with some pretty pyramids, I like well; and in some places fair columns, upon frames of carpenter's work. I would also have the alleys spacious and fair. You may have closer alleys upon the side grounds, but none in the main garden. I wish also, in the very middle, a tair mount, with three ascents and alleys, enough for four to walk abreast; which I would have to be perfect circles, without any bulwarks or embossments; and the whole mount to be thirty foot high, and some fine banqueting-house with some chimneys neatly cast, and without too much glass.

m Bring or lead yo

n Impeding.

to health and sweetness.

and there, because of the smell of their blossoms, red currants, gooseberries, rosemary, bays, sweetbriar, and such like: but these standards to be kept with cutting, that they grow not out of course.

You are to frame

For the side grounds, you are to fill them with variety of alleys, private, to give a full shade; some of them, wheresoever the sun be. some of them likewise for shelter, that when the wind blows sharp, you may walk as in a gallery: and those alleys must be likewise hedged at both ends, to keep out the wind; and these closer alleys must be ever finely gravelled, and no grass, because of going wet. In many of these alleys, likewise, you are to set fruit-trees of all sorts, as well upon the walls as in ranges and this should be generally observed, that the borders wherein you plant your fruit-trees be fair, and large, and low, and not steep; and set with fine flowers, but thin and sparingly, lest they deceive

• Causing the water to fall in a perfect arch, without any spray escaping from the jet.

P Lilies of the valley.

q In rows.

r Insidiously subtract nourishment from.

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