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the trees. At the end of both the side grounds I would have a mount of some pretty height, leaving the wall of the enclosure breast-high, to look abroad into the fields.

else a man can persuade the other party, that he shall still need him in some other thing; or else that he be counted the honester man. All practice is to discover, or to work. Men discover themFor the main garden I do not deny but there should selves in trust, in passion, at unawares; and of necesbe some fair alleys ranged on both sides, with fruit-sity, when they would have somewhat done, and trees, and some pretty tufts of fruit-trees and arbors cannot find an apt pretext. If you would work any with seats, set in some decent order; but these to be man, you must either know his nature and fashions, by no means set too thick, but to leave the main gar- and so lead him; or his ends, and so persuade him; den so as it be not close, but the air open and free. or his weakness and disadvantages, and so awe him; For as for shade, I would have you rest upon the or those that have interest in him, and so govern alleys of the side grounds, there to walk, if you be him. In dealing with cunning persons, we must ever disposed, in the heat of the year or day; but to make consider their ends, to interpret their speeches; and account that the main garden is for the more tem- it is good to say little to them, and that which they perate parts of the year, and, in the heat of summer least look for. In all negotiations of difficulty, a man for the morning and the evening or overcast days. may not look to sow and reap at once; but must prepare business, and so ripen it by degrees.

For aviaries, I like them not, except they be of that largeness as they may be turfed, and have living plants and bushes set in them; that the birds may have more scope and natural nestling, and that no foulness appear in the floor of the aviary. So I have made a platform of a princely garden, partly by precept, partly by drawing; not a model, but some general lines of it; and in this I have spared for no cost: but it is nothing for great princes, that for the most part taking advice with workmen, with no less cost set their things together, and sometimes add statues and such things, for state and magnificence, but nothing to the true pleasure of a garden.

XLVII.-OF NEGOTIATING.

Ir is generally better to deal by speech than by letter; and by the mediation of a third than by a man's self. Letters are good, when a man would draw an answer by letter back again; or when it may serve for a man's justification afterwards to produce his own letter; or where it may be danger to be interrupted, or heard by pieces. To deal in person is good, when a man's face breedeth regard, as commonly with inferiors; or in tender cases where a man's eye upon the countenance of him with whom he speaketh, may give him a direction how far to go: and generally where a man will reserve to himself liberty, either to disavow or to expound. In choice of instruments, it is better to choose men of a plainer sort, that are like to do that, that is committed to them, and to report back again faithfully the success, than those that are cunning to contrive out of other men's business somewhat to grace themselves, and will help the matter in report, for satisfaction sake. Use also such persons as affect the business wherein they are employed, for that quickeneth much; and such as are fit for the matter, as bold men for expostulation, fair-spoken men for persuasion, crafty men for inquiry and observation, froward and absurd men for business that doth not well bear out itself. Use also such as have been lucky and prevailed before in things wherein you have employed them; for that breeds confidence, and they will strive to maintain their prescription. It is better to sound a person with whom one deals afar off, than to fall upon the point at first, except you mean to surprise him by some short question. It is better dealing with men in appetite, than with those that are where they would be. If a man deal with another upon conditions, the start of first performance is all: which a man cannot reasonably demand, except either the nature of the thing be such, which must go before: or

• To consider or expect. Love, are pleased with.

b It is more advantageous to deal with men whose desires are not yet satisfied than with those who have gained all they have wished for, and are likely to be proof against inducements.

XLVIII.-OF FOLLOWERS AND FRIENDS.

COSTLY followers are not to be liked; lest while a man maketh his train longer, he make his wings shorter. I reckon to be costly, not them alone which charge the purse, but which are wearisome and importune in suits. Ordinary followers ought to challenge no higher conditions than countenance, recommendation, and protection from wrongs. Factious followers are worse to be liked, which follow not upon affection to him with whom they range themselves, but upon discontentment conceived against some other; whereupon commonly ensueth that ill intelligence, that we many times see between great personages. Likewise glorious" followers, who make themselves as trumpets of the commendation of those they follow, are full of inconveniences, for they taint business through want of secrecy; and they export honor from a man and make him a return in envy. There is a kind of followers, likewise, which are dangerous, being indeed espials; which inquire the secrets of the house, and bear tales of them to others; yet such men, many times, are in great favor; for they are officious, and commonly exchange tales. The following by certain estates of men, answerable to that which a great person himself professeth (as of soldiers to him that hath been employed in the wars, and the like), hath ever been a thing civil and well taken even in monarchies, so it be without too much pomp or popularity: but the most honorable kind of following, is to be followed as one that apprehendeth to advance virtue and desert in all sorts of persons; and yet, where there is no eminent odds in sufficiency, it is better to take with the more passable, than with the more able; and besides, to speak truth in base times, active men are of more use than virtuous. It is true, that in government, it is good to use men of one rank equally: for to countenance some extraordinarily, is to make them insolent and the rest discontent; because they may claim a due: but contrariwise in favor, to use men with much difference and election is good; for it maketh the persons preferred more thankful, and the rest more officious: because all is of favor. It is good discretion not to make too much of any man at the first; because one cannot hold out that proportion. To be governed (as we call it) by one, is not safe; for it shows softness, and gives a freedom to scandal and disreputation; for those that would not censure, or speak ill of a man immediately, will talk more boldly of those that are so great with them, and thereby wound their honor; a In the sense of the Latin "gloriosus," "boastful, "bragging."

b Professions or classes.

e Weakness or indecision of character.

XLIX.-OF SUITORS.

yet to be distracted with many, is worse; for it makes | been had but by him, advantage be not taken of the men to be of the last impression, and full of change. note, but the party left to his other means; and in To take advice of some few friends is ever honorable; some sort recompensed for his discovery. To be igfor lookers-on many times see more than gamesters; norant of the value of a suit, is simplicity; as well and the vale best discovereth the hill. There is little as to be ignorant of the right thereof, is want of confriendship in the world, and least of all between science. Secrecy in suits is a great mean of obtainequals, which was wont to be magnified. That ing; for voicing them to be in forwardness may disthat is, is between superior and inferior, whose for- courage some kind of suitors; but doth quicken and tunes may comprehend the one the other. awake others: but timing of the suit is the principal; timing I say not only in respect of the person that should grant it, but in respect of those which are like to cross it. Let a man, in the choice of his mean, rather choose the fittest mean, than the greatest mean; and rather them that deal in certain things, than those that are general. The reparation of a denial is sometimes equal to the first grant, if a man show himself neither dejected nor discontented. "Iniquum petas, ut æquum feras," is a good rule, where a man hath strength of favor: but otherwise a man were better rise in his suit; for he that would have ventured at first to have lost the suitor, will not, in the conclusion, lose both the suitor and his own former favor. Nothing is thought so easy a request to a great person, as his letter; and yet, if it be not in a good cause, it is so much out of his reputation. There are no worse instruments than these general contrivers of suits: for they are but a kind of poison and infection to public proceedings.

MANY ill matters and projects are undertaken; and private suits do putrefy the public good. Many good matters are undertaken with bad minds; I mean not only corrupt minds, but crafty minds; that intend not performance. Some embrace suits, which never mean to deal effectually in them; but if they see there may be life in the matter, by some other mean they will be content to win a thank, or take a second reward, or at least, to make use in the mean time of the suitor's hopes. Some take hold of suits only for an occasion to cross some other, or to make an information, whereof they could not otherwise have apt pretext, without care what become of the suit when that turn is served; or, generally, to make other men's business a kind of entertainment to bring in their own: nay, some undertake suits with a full purpose to let them fall; to the end to gratify the adverse party, or competitor. Surely there is in some sort a right in every suit; either a right of equity, if it be a suit of controversy, or a right of desert, if it be a suit of petition. If affection lead a man to favor the wrong side in justice, let him rather use his countenance to compound the matter than to carry it. If affection lead a man to favor the less worthy in desert, let him do it without depraving or disabling the better deserver. In suits which a man doth not well understand, it is good to refer them to some friend of trust and judgment, that may report whether he may deal in them with honor: but let him choose well his referendaries, for else he may be led by the nose. Suitors are so distasted with delays and abuses, that plain dealing in denying to deal in suits at first, and reporting the success barely, and in challenging no more thanks than one hath deserved, is grown not only honorable but also gracious. In suits of favor, the first coming ought to take little place so far forth consideration may be had of his trust, that if intelligence of the matter could not otherwise have

L.-OF STUDIES."

STUDIES serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business; for expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one: but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs come best from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies, is sloth: to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar: they perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh He probably alludes to the ancient stories of the friend- and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others ship of Orestes and Pylades, Theseus and Pirithous, Da- to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and mon and Pythias, and others, and the maxims of the ancient Philosophers. Aristotle considers that equality digested; that is, some books are to be read only in circumstances and station is one requisite of friend- in parts; others to be read but not curiously ship. Seneca and Quintus Curtius express the same some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and opin on It seems hardly probable that Lord Bacon reflected deeply when he penned this passage, for between attention. Some books also may be read by deequals, jealousy, the most insidious of all the enemies of puty, and extracts made of them by others: but friendship, has the least chance of originating. Dr John- that would be only in the less important arguments son says:- Friendship is seldom lasting but between equals, or where the superiority on one side is reduced and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books by some equivalent advantage on the other. Benefits are, like common distilled waters, flashy things. which cannot be repaid, and obligations which cannot be Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready discharged, are not commonly found to increase affec-man; and writing an exact man; and, therefore, if tion; they excite gratitude indeed, and heighten veneration, but commonly take away that easy freedom and familiarity of intercourse without which, though there may be fidelity, and zeal, and admiration, there cannot be friendship.-The Rambler, No. 64.

In such a case, gratitude and admiration exist on the one hand, esteem and confidence on the other.

a Lowering, or humiliating.

b Referees.

e Disgusted

and

a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not. Histories make Of the information,

h "Ask what is exorbitant, that you may obtain what is moderate."

This formed the first Essay in the earliest edition of

d Giving no false color to the degree of success which the work. has attended the prosecution of the suit.

e To have little effect.

f To this extent.

b Attentively.

eVapid; without taste or spirit.

men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtile; | use of both. Certainly, in Italy, they hold it a natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and little suspect in popes, when they have often in rhetoric, able to contend: Abeunt studia in mores;" their mouth "Padre comune:" and take it to be nay, there is no stand or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises; bowling is good, for the stone and reins, shooting for the lungs and breast, gentle walking for the stomach, riding for the head and the like; so if a man's wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again; if his wit be not apt to distinguish or find difference, let him study the schoolmen; for they are "Cymini sectores." If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers' cases. so every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.

LI.-OF FACTION.

MANY have an opinion not wise, that for a prince to govern his estate, or for a great person to govern his proceedings, according to the respect of factions is a principal part of policy; whereas, contrariwise, the chiefest wisdom is either, in ordering those things which are general, and wherein men of several factions do nevertheless agree, or in dealing with correspondence to particular persons, one by one: but I say not, that the consideration of factions is to be neglected. Mean men in their rising must adhere; but great men, that have strength in themselves, were better to maintain themselves indifferent and neutral: yet even in beginners, to adhere so moderately, as he be a man of the one faction, which is most passable with the other, commonly giveth best way. The lower and weaker faction is the firmer in conjunction; and it is often seen, that a few that are stiff, do tire out a great number that are more moderate. When one of the factions is extinguished, the remaining subdivideth; as the faction between Lucullus and the rest of the nobles of the senate (which they called "optimates") held out a while against the faction of Pompey and Cæsar; but when the senate's authority was pulled down, Cæsar and Pompey soon after brake. The faction or party of Antonius and Octavianus Cæsar, against Brutus and Cassius, held out likewise for a time; but when Brutus and Cassius were overthrown, then soon after Antonius and Octavianus brake and subdivided. These examples are of wars, but the same holdeth in private factions: and therefore, those that are seconds in factions, do many times, when the faction subdivideth, prove principals; but many times also they prove ciphers and cashiered; for many a man's strength is in opposition; and when that faileth, he groweth out of use. It is commonly seen, that men once placed, take in with the contrary faction to that by which they enter; thinking, belike, that they have the first sure, and now are ready for a new purchase. The traitor in faction lightly goeth away with it, for when matters have stuck long in balancing, the winning of some one man casteth them, and he getteth all the thanks. The even carriage between two factions proceedeth not always of moderation, but of a trueness to a man's self, with end to make

4"Studies become habits."

a sign of one that meaneth to refer all to the great ness of his own house. Kings had need beware how they side themselves, and make themselves as of a faction or party; for leagues within the state are ever pernicious to monarchies; for they raise an obligation paramount to obligation of sovereignty, and make the king "tanquam unus ex nobis;" as was to be seen in the League; of France. When factions are carried too high and too violently, it is a sign of weakness in princes, and much to the prejudice both of their authority and business. The motions of factions under kings, ought to be like the motions (as the astronomers speak of the inferior orbs, which may have their proper motions, but yet still are quietly carried by the higher motion of "primum mobile."d

LII.-OF CEREMONIES AND RESPECTS.

HE that is only real, had need have exceeding great parts of virtue; as the stone had need to be rich that is set without foil; but if a man mark it well, it is in praise and commendation of men, as it is in gettings and gains: for the proverb is true, "That light gains make heavy purses;" for light gains come thick, whereas great come but now and then: so it is true, that small matters win great commendation, because they are continually in use and in note: whereas the occasion of any great virtue cometh but on festivals; therefore it doth much add to a man's reputation, and is (as Queen Isabella said) like perpetual letters commendatory, to have good forms; to attain them, it almost sufficeth not to despise them; for so shall a man observe them in others; and let him trust himself with the rest; for if he labor too much to express them, he shall lose their grace; which is to be natural and unaffected. Some men's behavior is like a verse, wherein every syllable is measured; how can a man comprehend great matters, that breaketh his mind too much to small observations? Not to use ceremonies at all, is to teach others not to use them again; and so diminisheth respect to himself; especially they be not to be omitted to strangers and formal natures; but the dwelling upon them, and exalting them above the moon, is not only tedious, but doth diminish the faith and credit of him that speaks; and, certainly, there is a kind of conveying of effectual and imprinting passages amongst compliments, which is of singular use, if a man can hit upon it. Amongst a man's peers, a man shall be sure of familiarity; and therefore it is good a little to keep state; amongst a man's inferiors, one shall be sure of reverence; and therefore it is good a little to be familiar. He that is too much in anything, so that he giveth another occasion of satiety, maketh himself cheap. To apply one's self to others, is good; so it be with demonstration, that a man doth it upon regard, and not upon facility. It is a good precept, generally in seconding another, yet to add somewhat of one's own: as if you will grant his opinion, let it be with some distinction; if you will follow his motion, let it be with condition; if you allow his counsel, let it be with alleging further rea

b" The common of father." "As one of us." Henry III. of France, favoring the_League formed by the Duke of Guise and Cardinal "Splitters of cummin-seeds;" or, as we now say, De Lorraine against the Protestants, soon found that "splitters of straws," or "hairs." Butler says of through the adoption of that policy he had forfeited the Hudibras

"He could distinguish and divide

A hair 'twixt south and south-west side."

Cause one side to preponderate.

respect of his subjects.

d See a Note to Essay 15.

a Of Castile. She was the wife of Ferdinand of Arragon, and was the patroness of Columbus.

son. Men had need beware how they be too perfect | matter doth irritate contradiction, and procure envy in compliments; for be they never so sufficient other- and scorn. To praise a man's self cannot be decent, wise, their enviers will be sure to give them that at- except it be in rare cases; but to praise a man's office tribute, to the disadvantage of their greater virtues. or profession, he may do it with good grace, and It is loss also in business to be too full of respects, or with a kind of magnanimity. The cardinals of Rome, to be too curious in observing times and opportuni- which are theologues, and friars, and schoolmen. ties. Solomon saith, "He that considereth the wind have a phrase of notable contempt and scorn towards shall not sow, and he that looketh to the clouds shall civil business; for they call all temporal business of not reap."b A wise man will make more opportu-wars, embassages, judicature, and other employments, nities than he finds. Men's behavior should be like sbirrerie, which is under-sheriffries, as if they were their apparel, not too straight or point device, but but matters for under-sheriffs and catchpoles; though free for exercise or motion. many times those under sheriffries do more good than their high speculations. St. Paul, when he boasts of himself, he doth oft interlace, "I speak like a fool" but speaking of his calling, he saith, " Magnificabo apostolatum meum."

LIII.-OF PRAISE.

PRAISE is the reflection of virtue; but it is glass, or body, which giveth the reflection. If it be from the common people, it is commonly false and nought, and rather followeth vain persons than virtuous: for the common people understand not many excellent virtues: the lowest virtues draw praise from them, the middle virtues work in them astonishment or admiration; but of the highest virtues they have no sense or perceiving at all; but shows and "species virtutibus similes," serve best with them. Certainly, fame is like a river, that beareth up things light and swollen, and drowns things weighty and solid; but if persons of quality and judgment concur, then it is (as the Scripture saith), “Nomen bonum instar unguenti fragrantis;" it filleth all round about, and will not easily away; for the odors of ointments are more durable than those of flowers. There be so many false points of praise, that a man may justly hold it a suspect. Some praises proceed merely of flattery; and if he be an ordinary flatterer, he will have certain common attributes, which may serve every man; if he be a cunning flatterer, he will follow the archflatterer, which is a man's self, and wherein a man thinketh best of himself, therein the flatterer will uphold him most: but if he be an impudent flatterer, look wherein a man is conscious to himself that he is most defective, and is most out of countenance in himself, that will the flatterer entitle him to, perforce, "spretâ conscientiâ." Some praises come of good wishes and respects, which is a form due in civility to kings and great persons," laudando præcipere; when by telling men what they are, they represent to them what they should be; some men are praised maliciously to their hurt, thereby to stir envy and jealousy towards them; "Pessimum genus inimicorum laudantium ;" insomuch as it was a proverb amongst the Grecians, that, "he that was praised to his hurt, should have a push' rise upon his nose;" as we say, that a blister will rise upon one's tongue that tells a lie; certainly, moderate praise, used with opportunity, and not vulgar, is that which doth the good. Solomon saith, "He that praiseth his friend aloud, rising early, it shall be to him no better than a curse." Too much magnifying of man or b The words in our version are, “He that observeth the wind shall not sow, and he that regardeth the clouds shall not reap."-Ecclesiastes xi. 4.

C Exact in the extreme. Point-de-vice was originally the name of a kind of lace of very fine pattern.

a "Appearances resembling virtues."

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LIV. OF VAIN GLORY.

IT was prettily devised of Æsop, the fly sat upon the axle-tree of the chariot-wheel, and said, “ What a dust do I raise!" So are there some vain persons. that whatsoever goeth alone, or moveth upon greater means, if they have never so little hand in it, they think it is they that carry it. They that are glorious must needs be factious; for all bravery stands upon comparisons. They must needs be violent to make, good their own vaunts; neither can they be secret, and therefore not effectual; but according to the French proverb “Beaucoup de bruit, peu de fruit; "— "much bruit, little fruit." Yet, certainly, there is use of this quality in civil affairs: where there is an opinion and fame to be created, either of virtue or greatness, these men are good trumpeters. Again, as Titus Livius noteth, in the case of Antiochus and the Ætolians, there are sometimes great effects of cross lies; as if a man that negotiates between two princes, to draw them to join in a war against the third, doth extol the forces of either of them above measure, the one to the other: and sometimes he that deals between man and man, raiseth his own credit with both, by pretending greater interest than he hath in either; and in these, and the like kinds, it often falls out, that somewhat is produced of nothing; for lies are sufficient to breed opinion, and opinion brings on substance. In military commanders and soldiers, vain glory is an essential point; for as iron sharpens iron, so by glory, one courage sharpeneth another. In cases of great enterprise upon charged and adventure, a composition of glorious natures doth but life into business; and those that are of solid and sober natures, have more of the ballast than of the sail. In fame of learning, the flight will be slow without some feathers of ostentation: "Qui de contemnendâ gloriâ libros seribunt, nomen suum inscribunt." Socrates, Aristotle, Galen, were men full of ostentation: certainly, vain h In other words, to show what we call esprit de corps. i Theologians.

k 2 Cor xi. 23.

1 "I will magnify my apostleship." He alludes to the words in Romans xi. 13-"Inasmuch as I am the apostle of the Gentiles, I magnify mine office."

a Vaunting, or boasting.

b Noise. We have a corresponding proverb-"great cry

b "A good name is like sweet-smelling ointment.' The words in our version are, "A good name is better than and little wool." precious ointment."-Ecclesiastes vii. 1.

"Disregarding his own conscience."

d "To instruct under the form of praise."

e "The worst kind of enemies are those who flatter." f A pimple filled with "pus," or "purulent matter." The word is still used in the east of England.

8 The words in our version are, "He that blesseth his friend with a loud voice, rising early in the morning it, shall be counted a curse to him."-Proverbs xxvii. 14.

A high or good opinion.

d By express command.

e "Those who write books on despising glory set their names in the title-page." He quotes from Cicero's "Tus culanæ Disputationes," b. i. c. 15, whose words are, “Quid nostri philosophi? Nonne in his libris ipsis, quos scribunt de contemnenda gloria, sua nomina inscribunt."-" What do our philosophers do? Do they not, in those very books which they write on despairing glory, set their names in the title-page? "

h

glory helpeth to perpetuate a man's memory; and a man's successes rather to Divine providence and virtue was never so beholden to human nature, as it felicity, than to his own virtue or policy. The true received its due at the second hand. Neither had marshalling of the degrees of sovereign honor are the fame of Cicero, Seneca, Plinius Secundus, borne these: in the first place are “conditores imperiorum,” her age so well if it had not been joined with some founders of states and commonwealths; such as vanity in themselves; like unto varnish, that makes were Romulus, Cyrus, Cæsar, Ottoman, Ismael: in ceilings not only shine, but last. But all this while, the second place are "legislatores," lawgivers; which when I speak of vain glory, I mean not of that pro- are also called second founders, or "perpetui prinperty that Tacitus doth attribute to Mucianus, cipes," because they govern by their ordinances after "Omnium, quæ dixerat feceratque, arte quâdam os- they are gone; such were Lycurgus, Solon, Justinian, tentator:% for thath proceeds not of vanity, but of Edgar, Alphonsus of Castile the Wise, that made the natural magnanimity and discretion; and, in some "Siete Partidas:" in the third place are "liberatores," persons, is not only comely, but gracious: for excusa- or" salvatores," such as compound the long miseries tions, cessions, modesty itself, well governed, are of civil wars, or deliver their countries from servitude but arts of ostentation; and amongst those arts there of strangers or tyrants; as Augustus Cæsar, Vespais none better than that which Plinius Secundus sianus, Aurelianus, Theodoricus, King Henry the Sevspeaketh of, which is to be liberal of praise and com-enth of England, King Henry the Fourth of France: mendation to others, in that wherein a man's self in the fourth place are" propagatores," or "propugnahath any perfection: for, saith Pliny very wittily, tores imperii," such as in honorable wars enlarge their In commending another, you do yourself right;" territories, or make noble defense against invaders; for he that you commend is either superior to you and, in the last place, are "patres patriæ," which reign in that you commend, or inferior: if he be inferior, if justlyand make the times good wherein they live; both he be to be commended, you much more; if he be which last kinds need no examples, they are in such superior, if he be not to be commended, you much number. Degrees of honor in subjects are, first, less." Glorious' men are the scorn of wise men, the "participes curarum," those upon whom princes do admiration of fools, the idols of parasites, and the discharge the greatest weight of their affairs; their slaves of their own vaunts. right hands, as we call them; the next are "duces belli," great leaders; such as are princes' lieutenants, and do them notable services in the wars: the third are gratiosi," favorites such as exceed not this scantling, to be solace to the sovereign, and harmless to the people: and the fourth, "negotiis pares;" such as have great places under princes, and execute their places with sufficiency. There is an honor, likewise, which may be ranked amongst the greatest, themselves to death or danger for the good of their which happeneth rarely; that is, of such as sacrifice country; as was M. Regulus, and the two Decii.

LV. OF HONOR AND REPUTATION.

THE winning of honor is but the revealing of a man's virtue and worth without disadvantage; for some in their actions do woo and affect honor and reputation; which sort of men are commonly much talked of, but inwardly little admired: and some, contrariwise, darken their virtue in the show of it; so as they be undervalued in opinion. If a man perform that which hath not been attempted before, or attempted and given over, or hath been achieved, but not with so good circumstance, he shall purchase more honor than by affecting a matter of greater difficulty or virtue, wherein he is but a follower. If a man so temper his actions, as in some one of them he doth content every faction or combination of people, the music will be the fuller. A man is an ill husband of his honor that entereth into any action, the failing wherein may disgrace him more than the carrying of it through can honor him. Honor that is gained and broken upon another hath the quickest reflection, like diamonds cut with facets; and therefore let a man contend to excel any competitors of his in honor, in outshooting them, if he can, in their own bow. Discreet followers and servants help much to reputation: "Omnis fama a domesticis emanat." Envy, which is the canker of honor, is best extinguished by declaring a man's self in his ends, rather to seek merit than fame: and by attributing

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not to make law, or give law; else will it be like the

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e Surnamed the Peaceful, who ascended the throne of England A. D. 959. He was eminent as a legislator and a of the most fortunate that we meet with in the ancient rigid assertor of justice. Hume considers his reign one English history."

These were a general collection of the Spanish laws, made by Alphonso X. of Castile, arranged under their nand, his father, to put an end to the contradictory deci proper titles. The work was commenced by Don Ferdisions in the Castilian courts of justice. It was divided into seven parts, whence its name "Siete Partidas." It eighty years after.

Pliny the Younger, the nephew of the elder Pliny, did not, however, become the law of Castile till nearly

the naturalist.

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"Deliverers," or "preservers."

h"Extenders" or " defenders of the empire."
"Fathers of their country."

k "Participators in cares."
Leaders in war."

m Proportion, dimensions.
n "Equal to their duties."

a "To expound the law."

b "To make the law."

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