Some authors assign must as an additional auxiliary in the Present Potential, and would and should as additional auxiliaries in the Past Potential; thus making the Potential Mode express not only possibility, liberty, or power, but also will or obligation.

12. The forms "I do permit". "I did permit," are used instead of the simple present and past tenses "I permit". "I permitted," in order to add emphasis to an assertion.

In an interrogative or a negative sentence, however, do or did is not necessarily emphatic; "Do ye know?" and "We do not know," may be even less emphatic than "Know ye?" and "We know not."

13. The forms "I am persuading "-"I was persuading " are called, respectively, the progressive or imperfect present and past tenses; because they denote continuance or incompleteness.

The Perfect Participle preceded by the substantive verb, as "I am persuaded," "Being persuaded," &c. might be parsed rather as a verbal adjective following a principal verb, than as a principal verb following an auxiliary. This compound, however, is by many Grammarians considered as forming what in Latin Grammar is called a Passive Voice.* Thus, "I am brought" is called the Present Passive of the verb bring; "I shall be brought " is called the Future Passive of that verb; "To be brought" its Infinitive Passive, &c.

14. The forms "I have done". "I had done," are called,

ride, &c. are appropriately ranked in the Indicative Mode. Do the expressions, He would walk,''They should learn,' imply will or obligation more clearly than I will obey,'' Thou shalt not kill,'' He ought to learn?" Wells's Gram. p. 78.

Webster, Beattie, Lowth, and many others, discountenance the distinction of a Potential Mode in English.

* The Passive Voice, according to the strict meaning of the Latin name Vor Passiva, should denote inflected varieties of a single word.

respectively, the Perfect (or the Present Perfect), and the Pluperfect (or the Past Perfect, or Prior Perfect), of the verb do; the former denoting past time, while conveying an allusion to the present; the latter denoting past time that was prior to some other past time. In like manner, "I shall have done" is called the Future Perfect, as denoting future time prior to some other future time.

15. The following extended conjugation of the verb Take includes what are called the Compound Tenses. It may be desirable that the pupil, in parsing, should employ the names which describe the combinate meanings of these compound expressions; but he should also be required to parse auxiliary and principal verbs separately. Thus; in parsing the sentence "We had been speaking of the circumstance," let the words had, been, and speaking, be parsed separately, the first as the past tense, 1st pers. plur. of the verb have, auxiliary to been,-the second as the perf. partic. of the verb be, auxiliary to speaking, the third as the imperf. partic. of the intransitive verb speak; and then let the expression had been speaking be parsed as the progressive form of the past perfect tense of the verb speak.

**The last three of each of these two divisions may be varied by Progressive forms; for which purpose take is changed into be taking, and taken into been taking. A similar variation may be made in the Potential, Imperative, and Infinitive Modes following.

POTENTIAL MODE.

1. Present

2. Present Perfect 1. Past

2. Past Perfect

may, can, or must have taken

I might, could, would, or should take

I might, could, would, or should have taken.

IMPERATIVE MODE.

Take; Take thou or ye; Do thou or ye take.

16. Parse the following sentences, naming the modes, tenses, &c. of the simple and compound verbs. Explain the propriety of shall or will.

EXERCISES.

Our experiment was perfectly successful. The child was playing with some beads. They who despise reproof are foolish. The tiger will attack all kinds of animals. Whom dost thou think me? His wife besought the emperor to delay the execution of the sentence. The snow is drifted into hollows. "Strike," said Themistocles, but hear me." We should labour to fulfil the purposes of our being. The wild quadrupeds were driven from their accustomed haunts. Who built the house that is next to Mr. Rushton's premises? Tell me where thou hast been wandering. He wished for the wings of an eagle, that he might fly away to those happy

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* Will in the first person, and shall in the second and third persons, might be included with may, can, and must, as potential auxiliaries; while, on the other hand, may, can, and must might have been included with shall and will, as auxiliaries having reference to future time. Must

is always present, and has no correspondent auxiliary for past time. In both the assertions, "We must go" and "We must have gone," the verb must is a present tense; for the past we use such expressions as "We required, or were obliged, to go."

abodes. I am blamed without reason. Neither the desire of wealth nor the dread of poverty can shake the virtue of an honest man. I am glad to hear that you have slept well. Ellen is writing to her brother. Rejoice not when thine enemy falleth. We shall have finished before your arrival. Thomas shall go with you. I present you with this Bible hoping that you will diligently study its sacred lessons. I shall be punished, and nobody will be sorry for it. Where have you laid the writing paper which I brought from town? Several reasons may be assigned for such a proceeding. You must learn your lesson, or you will incur disgrace. If thou faint in the day of adversity, thy strength is small. She did not sing many songs; but those which she did sing were very pleasing. Unless you promise amendment, you shall not resume your place. Where should I have left the parcel? Lisbon had already suffered severely from an earthquake. That man, though he had wealth, would still be covetous. Having formed no expectation, they could experience no disappointment. The prince ought to have remembered that generosity should be guided by prudence. Do forgive me, and I will be more careful in future. If I knew where he lives, I should write to him immediately.

Three years she grew in sun and shower,
Then Nature said, "A lovelier flower

On earth was never sown;

This child I to myself will take;
She shall be mine, and I will make
A lady of my own."-Wordsworth.

PART II.

ELEMENTARY SYNTAX.

CHAP. I.

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS ON CONSTRUCTION.

1. A Sentence is the expression of one or more thoughts by words. A Simple Sentence, or the expression of one thought, contains but one subject and one personal or finite verb. Two or more simple sentences, closely connected, become what are called Clauses, and constitute a Compound Sentence.

Thus: To exemplify the Simple Sentence; "A good man has a tender concern for the happiness of others." Here there is but one subject, viz. man, and one finite verb, viz. has. To exemplify the Compound Sentence; -"My son, who was present, endeavoured to moderate our grief.” Here there are two simple sentences united; the one-"My son endeavoured to moderate our grief;" the other "My son was present."

Simple sentences are united into one compound sentence chiefly by means of Conjunctions, Conjunctive Adverbs, Relative Pronouns, and Imperfect Participles; as shall be afterwards more particularly noticed.

2. SYNTAX, as we have already stated, is a body of Rules for the arrangement of words in sentences. It treats chiefly of two species of relation; the one called Concord or Agreement, the other, Regimen or Government; for it generally happens that words take their places in a sentence by agreeing, in certain respects, with other words, or by controuling them, or by depending on them.