The species is found in two forms, the leaf form represented in Fig. 8, and the root form, seen in Fig. 9. The leaves of the vine affected by the leaf form are covered with galls, or cavities. On opening these galls, the mother louse, of a dull orange color, will be found busily at work laying her eggs. These eggs begin to hatch in six or eight days, and the active little lice (a. b.) issuing from the mouth of the gall, spread out over the tender leaves of the yine and commence pumping up the sap, and causing new galls to form, and filling them with eggs, as their mothers did before them.. As there are five or six generations in a season, and each egg develops into a fertile female, the increase is prodigious. As yet no males have been discovered among the leaf lice,

a, healthy root; b, root on which llce are working, swellings caused by their punctures; c, roots deserted by lice and showing decay commenced; d, d, d, lice on larger roots, natural size; e, f, female pupa showing wing pads; g, h, winged female; i, magnified antenna of winged female; j, wingless female laying eggs; k, punctures of lice causing roots to decay.

nor do any of them have wings. By the end of September the galls are mostly deserted, and the lice of the last brood attach themselves to the roots and hibernate there.

But little damage is done by the leaf form compared with that of the root form. The newly hatched lice of the root form (b, Fig. 9) are precisely like those of the leaf form; but, as they develop, rows of tubercles appear, where only very minute hairs were seen in the leaf form (e, f, g, Fig. 9). In the winter the young lice may be found adhering closely to the roots, but as vegetation starts in the spring, they become active, rapidly increase in size and soon commence to lay unimpregnated eggs; no males are yet seen. These eggs bring forth females, which in their turn develop and lay unimpregnated eggs, and this process goes on for five or six generations in the season, the development increasing in rapidity with the heat, but the number of eggs diminishes with each brood; those of the first brood laying from two to three hundred each.

a. b. female; c. foot enlarged; d. joints as they appear after ovaposition; e. male.

"In July, some of the individuals show little wing pads at the sides, and begin to issue from the ground and acquire wings. These winged lice become very numerous in August, and continue to appear in lessening numbers until the leaves have all fallen. They are all females, but only lay from three to eight eggs each. These eggs are of two sizes, and are also unimpregnated; they are laid, by preference, on the under side of the tender leaves, attached to the down; they gradually increase in size, and in about ten days develop, the larger into females, the smaller, males (a, b, e, Fig. 11). These individuals are born perfect, though without mouth, or any other function than that of reproduction. Balbiani has discovered that some of the females that do not ac

quire wings, but always remain on the roots, also lay the few different sized eggs from which these mouthless males and females are hatched. The sexes pair soon after hatching, and on the third or fourth day, the female lays a solitary egg and then dies. This egg is more elliptical in form than the others, and soon changes to an olive green color. It is never laid on the leaf, but on the wood, under the bark, or in some sheltered situation, or on the roots under ground. The young hatching from it is the normal, agamous (unmated) mother, which, with increased vigor and fertility, lays a large number of eggs, from two to five hundred, and commences anew the virginal reproduction, and the cycle of the species' curious life. The impregnated eggs, laid early in the season, doubtless hatch the same year, though some of the later deposited ones may pass the winter before hatching.

Of the remedies proposed, none of them have proven very satisfactory, owing to the enemy being underground and out of our reach. The most effectual has been flooding the vineyard for thirty or forty days after the season's growth has been completed. Others claim to have found exemption in mulching the ground about the vines with coal ashes; others still, by interplanting with strawberry beds.

GRAPE FORESTER, Alypia octocmaculatu. - Nearly every grape grower has seen what are called blue caterpillars feeding on the leaves of the vines. Fortunately they are not very numerous, but occasionally, they have appeared in such numbers as to entirely strip the vines. There are three distinct species of these blue caterpillars, which very closely resemble each other. They are the larvæ of the grape Forester, the Beautiful Wood Nymph, and the Pearl Wood Nymph. The first is by far the most common. The larvæ are most numerous during the months of May and June, but are occasionally seen throughout the season. When small, they "are of a whitish color, with brown. lines on the segments; it feeds on the underside of the leaves and lets itself down by a web. The full grown larvæ may often be found concealed in the folded leaves. It has eight light and eight dark lines on each segment, four each, on each side of a brown or orange band in the center. The larvae of the Wood Nymph, may be distinguished as having but six of these lines to the segment. The blue shade arises from the contrast of these white and dark stripes. The head is of a dark orange color; the legs black.

FIG. 12.

a

GRAPE FORESTER.

a, Larva; b, magnified segment, showing lines; c, moth.

The larva is transformed into the chrysalis state in a slight

cocoon on or near the surface of the ground. In a short time a moth of very dark, blue black color appears, with eight spots on the wings; the two on the fore wings being of a bright yellow; those on the hind ones white; the shanks and shoulders are also yellow. The male moth may be distinguished from the female by larger spots on the wings, a slenderer abdomen with a white line on the back of it.

For remedies, hand picking is recommended as the best; white hellebore and soap and water are also used.

VINE HOPPER or THRIP, Tettigonia Vitis, Harris. This insect is supposed to pass the winter, in the perfect state, under the decaying leaves and rubbish near the vines.

Those that survive appear early in the spring and deposit their eggs on the young leaves of the vine. These hatch out early in June. The young larva resembles the perfect insect in everything, except it is without wings. As they increase in size they shed their skin several times. Generally they remain very quiet on the underside of the leaves, where, thrusting their sharp beaks into the leaf they suck out the sap, but if disturbed, they hop from leaf to leaf as briskly as a flea. They are so small as often to escape notice until much damage has been done. When full grown, they are only about one-tenth of an inch in length, but make up in immense numbers what they lack in size. Often all the juices are drawn out of the leaves so that they drop prematurely, and the fruit and wood fail to ripen for want of nourishment. The thrip enters the second stage of its existence, corresponding to the chrysalis state of moths and butterflies, in the month of August. Then its wings are developed, and with increased activity it goes from vine to vine, carrying on its destructive work until late in the season, when it goes into winter quarters as above mentioned.

Various expedients have been tried for their destruction, but none have met with universal success. Frequent stirring of the earth and rubbish near the vines, in the spring and fall, is highly recommended by some; others claim that by carrying a lighted torch back and forth through the vineyard at night they can be destroyed in myriads, as they are attracted by the light and are burnt. Sprinkling the vines with tobacco water, soap suds; dusting with sulphur, lime, ashes, road dust, hellebore, cayenne pepper, and fumigating with tobacco are practiced with more or less success. They do not thrive in wet seasons, and moisture is unfavorable to them, hence frequent drenching of the vines with water, taking care to reach the underside of the leaves, will hold them in check.

GRAPE VINE COLASPIS, colaspis flanda, Say. This insect is a small yellow beetle, about two-tenths of an inch in length when of full age, and one-tenth in breadth. In some seasons and locations it has proved very destructive both to the grape and strawberry. The outer edge of its wing covers, the underside of the

FIG. 14. (1) Grape vine Colaspis, magrified. (2) Natural size.

body and the tip of its antennæ are colored black. They are first seen issuing from the ground, generally in the strawberry beds, the latter part of June. At first it greedily devours the leaves of the strawberry, and then passes to other plants, riddling their leaves with holes. It is usually most numerous and most destructive to the grape in July and August. The larvae of the colaspis is a yellow or greyish white worm, with a reddish yellow head. It differs from all other worms in having a pair of fleshy projections, terminating in short, stiff hairs, on the under side of the legless segments. Like the crown borer, it devours the roots of the strawberry; but while the first works in the crown of the plant, this eats the fibrous roots, and works into the woody portions from the outside. They may be found upon the roots during the fall, winter and spring months. No way has been discovered to reach the larvæ in the ground, save digging out and destroying with the hand. Picking the beetles by hand, and sprinkling the vines with the comFIG. 15. Larva. mon preparations of Paris Green and Hellbore, have been tried with the best success.

a

The following cuts.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CRANBERRY. were prepared by Prof. A. L. Packard, Jr., Entomological Commissioner, Salem, Mass. While they were drawn to represent the insects preying on the cranberry at the east, part of them are easily recognized as its enemies at the west. The vine worm, the fruit worm and bud weevil, are serious pests, and in certain FIG. 16. CRANBERRY® VINE localities often destroy the entire crop. The red striped and yellow worm, and gall fly, if known at all, have not proved serious evils here. The following notes are taken from descriptions by Prof. Packard :

WORM.

CRANBERRY VINE AND FIRE WORM, Anchylopera Vacciniana. "At Cape Cod, the worms hatch out about the first of June, from eggs that have remained on the leaves of the plants all winter. They commence to feed on the tender shoots of the vine drawing the leaves together with their web for a shelter. If very numerous, they soon destroy the leaves and tender shoots, and give the