is, in their own; and that, to be of full use in as they appeared, and entering his daughter's support of his daughter Queen Jane, they, her trusty and loyal council, must be permitted to leave the Tower, and hold their sittings at Baynard's Castle, then the residence of the Earl of Pembroke. The council were no sooner arrived at that house than they declared, with one voice, for Queen Mary, and instantly despatched the Earl of Arundel, Sir William Paget, and Sir William Cecil, to notify their submission and exceeding great loyalty. In the course of the same day the council summoned the lord-mayor

and the aldermen to Baynard's Castle, and told them that they must ride with them "into Cheap" to proclaim a new queen; and forthwith they all rode together to that street, where Master Garter, king-at-arms, in his rich coat, stood with a trumpet, and the trumpet being sounded, they proclaimed the Lady Mary, daughter to King Henry VIII. and Queen Catherine, to be Queen of England, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, and Supreme Head of the Church! "And to add more majesty to their act by some devout solemnity, they went in procession to Paul's, singing that admirable hymn of those holy fathers St. Ambrose and St. Augustine, commonly known by its first words Te Deum." The people seemed to triumph greatly in this triumph of hereditary right; and all were joyful except a few who were zealously attached to the new religion, and well acquainted with the fierce intolerance of Mary. The council then detached some companies to besiege the Tower; but the timid Duke of Suffolk opened the gates to them as soon

'This castle, situated on the banks of the Thames, was founded by Baynard, a follower of William the Conqueror. It was forfeited to the crown in 1111, by one of his descendants. Henry I. bestowed it on Robert Fitz-Richard, a grandson of Gilbert Earl Clare. To this family, in right of the castle, appertained the office of castellan and banner-bearer of the city of London. The castle was burned in 1428, and was rebuilt by Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester. On his death it was granted by Henry VI. to Richard, Duke of York. The castle was repaired or rebuilt

chamber, told her that she must be content to be unqueened and return to a private station. It is said that the Lady Jane expressed joy rather than sorrow, and hoped that her willing relinquishment of the honours that had been forced upon her, and her ingenuous conduct, would palliate the error she had committed. While she returned to prayer in an inner room, her father posted off to Baynard's Castle, where he joined the rest of the council, and subscribed the decrees they were issuing in the name of Queen Mary!

In the meantime the Duke of Northumberland, who had marched as far as Bury, perceiving that the succours promised him did not come to hand, and receiving letters of discomfort from some of the council, had fallen back upon Cambridge, where, it should seem, he learned the defection of the fleet, and of the land troops that had been raised in the counties. He reached Cambridge on the 18th of July, the day before the proclamation of Mary, in London; and on the 20th of July, the day after that event, of which it appears he was well informed, he, with such of the nobility as were in his company, went to the market-cross of the town of Cambridge, and calling for a herald, proclaimed Queen Mary, and was himself the first man there to throw up his cap and cry, "God save her!" He had scarcely played this part, in the hope of saving his neck, when he received a sharp letter from the council in London, commanding him to disband his army and return to his allegiance to the blessed Queen Mary, under penalty of being treated as a traitor. This letter was signed, among others, by Lady Jane's father, the Duke of Suffolk, by Cranmer, and by Cecil. The order, as to the army, was scarcely needed, for most of the men had disbanded of their own accord, and almost all the lords and officers who had hitherto followed him, had passed over to Mary, and made their peace by accusing Northumberland as the sole author and cause of their taking up arms against their lawful queen. the following day, while the duke was still loitering at Cambridge, not knowing whether to flee for his life or to trust to Mary's mercy, and the encouraging circumstance that some of the council, in reality, and all, in appearance, had shared in his treason, he was arrested by the Earl of by Henry VII. According to an old view, it included a square court with an octagonal tower in the centre, and two in the front, between which were square buttresses rising the whole height of the building, with the windows in pairs one above the other. It had access to the river by a bridge and stairs. The castle was possessed by the Earl of Shrewsbury, when it was destroyed in the great fire of 1666. A vestige of one of the octagonal towers may still be seen in the river wall of a wharf which now occupies its site, near the western extremity of Thames Street.

On

sees."

Arundel, who hated him to death, though a little | lated on her happy success by Elizabeth. The before he had professed a wish to spend his heart's greater part of her army, which had never exblood in his service. The duke, who was utterly ceeded 13,000 men, and which had never drawn devoid of greatness of mind, fell on his knees a sword, was disbanded; and on the 3d of Aubefore the earl, and abjectly begged for life; but gust, attended by a vast concourse of the nobilArundel, who rejoiced in his ruin and abasement, ity, Mary made her triumphant entrance through carried him off to London and lodged him in the London to the Tower, where the old Duke of Tower, even as Queen Mary had commanded. Norfolk, Edward Courtenay, son to the MarThe Lady Jane, having, "as on a stage, for ten quis of Exeter, beheaded in the year 1538, Gardays only personated a queen," was already in diner, late Bishop of Winchester, and Anne, safe custody within those dismal walls; and the Dowager-duchess of Somerset, presented themEarl of Warwick, Lord Ambrose, and Lord Henry selves on their knees-Bishop Gardiner, in the Dudley, the three sons of the Duke of Northum- name of them all, delivering a congratulatory oraberland; Sir A. Dudley, the duke's brother, the tion, and blessing the Lord, on their own account, Marquis of Northampton, the Earl of Hunting- for her happy accession. It was, indeed, a time of don, Sir Thomas Palmer, Sir John Gates, his triumph for all of the Catholic party! The queen brother Sir Henry Gates, and Dr. Edwin Sandys, courteously raised them, kissed each of them, vice-chancellor of the university of Cambridge, saying, "These are all my own prisoners,” and who had impugned Queen Mary's rights from gave orders for their immediate discharge from the pulpit, were very soon lodged in the same the Tower. A day or two after, Bonner, late fortress; and two days after these committals Bishop of London, and Tonstal, the old Bishop of Sir Roger Cholmley, lord chief-justice of the Durham, were released from the harsh imprisonKing's Bench, Sir Edmund Montague, chief-jus- ment to which they had been committed by the tice of the Common Pleas, the Duke of Suffolk, Protestant party, and immediate measures were and Sir John Cheke, were added to the list of adopted for restoring them and several of their state prisoners: but on the 31st of July the Duke | friends-all zealous Papists-to their respective of Suffolk, Lady Jane's father, was discharged out of the Tower by the Earl of Arundel, and soon after obtained the queen's pardon. On the 30th day of this same busy month, the Lady Elizabeth rode from her palace in the Strand (where she had arrived the night before) through the city of London, and then out by Aldgate, to meet her sister Mary, accompanied by 1000 horse, of knights, ladies, gentlemen, and their servants. At this difficult crisis the conduct of Elizabeth, which is supposed to have been prescribed by Sir William Cecil-afterwards her own great minister Lord Burghley-was exceeding politic, and at the same time bold. When waited upon in Hertfordshire by messengers from the Duke of Northumberland, who apprized her of the accession of the Lady Jane, and proposed that she, Elizabeth, should resign her own title in consideration of certain lands and pensions, she replied that her elder sister Mary was first to be agreed with, and that, during her lifetime, she could claim no right to the throne. She determined to make common cause with her sister against those who were bent on excluding them both; she called around her a number of friends to prevent her seizure; she waited the course of events; and, at the right moment, hurried to the capital, whence, as we have seen, she set out, well attended, to welcome Mary and give strength to her party.'

The queen travelled by slow journeys from Norfolk to Wanstead, in Essex, where she arrived on the 1st of August, and was congratuHeylin; Holinshed; Speed; Godwin.

On the 18th of August, John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, his eldest son John, Earl of Warwick, and William Parr, Marquis of Northampton, were arraigned at Westminster Hall, where Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, high-steward of England, the recently liberated captive-the survivor of his accomplished son, the Earl of Surrey -presided at the trial. The Duke of Northumberland pleaded that he had done nothing but by the authority of the council, and by warrant of the same under the great seal of England; and he asked whether any such persons as were equally culpable with him, and those by whose letters and commandments he had been directed in all his doings, might be his judges, or sit upon his trial as jurors? The latter query did him no good: the members of the council averred that they had acted under peril-that they had been coerced by the duke-and Suffolk (the father of Lady Jane!) Cranmer, Cecil, and the rest, continued to sit in judgment, and with very little loss of time proceeded to pass sentence. The duke hesitated at no meanness to avert his doom; but self-prostration was of no avail. When sentence was passed he craved the favour of such a death as was usually allowed to noblemen: he besought the court to be merciful to his sons, on account of their youth and inexperience; and then, as a last hope of gaining the queen's pardon by apostasy, he requested that he might be per

2 Stow; Godwin, Bonner had been a prisoner in the Marshalsea, Tonstal in the King's Bench.

mitted to confer with some learned divine for the settling of his conscience, and that her majesty would be graciously pleased to send unto him four of her council, to whom he might discover certain things that nearly concerned the safety of her realm. His son, the Earl of Warwick, showed a higher spirit, hearing his sentence with great firmness, and craving no other favour than that his debts might be paid out of his property confiscated to the crown. The Marquis of Northampton pleaded that, from the beginning of these tumults, he had discharged no public office, and that, being all that time intent on hunting and other sports, he had not partaken in the conspiracy; but the court held it to be manifest that he was a party with the duke, and passed sentence on him likewise. On the next day Sir Andrew Dudley, Sir John Gates, Sir Henry Gates, and Sir Thomas Palmer, were condemned as traitors in the same court.' On Tuesday, the 22d of August, the Duke of Northumberland, Sir John Gates, and Sir Thomas Palmer, were brought forth to Towerhill, for execution. When the duke met Sir John Gates he told him that he forgave him with all his heart, although he and the council were the great cause of his present condition. Gates replied that he forgave the duke as he would be forgiven, although he and his high authority were the original causes of the whole calamity. From the scaffold Northumberland addressed the people in a long and contrite speech, in which he told them that they should all most heartily pray that it might please God to grant her majesty Queen Mary a long reign. After he had spoken to the people, he knelt down, saying to those that were about him, "1 beseech you all to bear me witness that I die in the true Catholic faith ;" and then he repeated the

Heylin: Holinshed; Stow; Strype.

psalms of Miserere and De Profundis, his Pater Noster, and six of the first verses of the psalm In | te, Domine, speravi, ending with, "Into thy hands, O Lord, I commend my spirit." Then bowing towards the block, he said that he had deserved a thousand deaths, and laying his head over it," his neck was instantly severed. They took up his body, with the head, and buried it in the Tower, by the body of his victim the late Duke of Somerset, so that there lay before the high

INTERIOR OF ST. PETER'S CHAPEL IN THE TOWER. 3-Drawn by T. S. Boys,
from his sketch on the spot.

Godwin says that Northumberland spoke and acted thus, "by the persuasion of Nicholas Heath, afterwards Bishop of York." But it was usual (as we have shown repeatedly) to die in strict conformity to the will of the court.

This church was founded by Edward III., and dedicated in the name of "St. Peter in Chains," commonly called "St. Peter ad Vincula within the Tower." The building is simple and with out ornament, but has been so disfigured by successive alterations and additions that little of the original structure remains.

altar in St. Peter's Chapel two headless dukes between two headless queens-the Duke of Somerset and the Duke of Northumberland between Queen Anne Boleyn and Queen Catherine Howard, all four beheaded and interred in the Tower.' The head of Sir John Gates fell immediately after that of Northumberland. Gates also made a long penitential speech on the scaffold, telling the people that he had lived as viciously and wickedly all the days of his life as any man ; that he had been the greatest reader and worst observer of Scripture of any one living. Sir Thomas Palmer was next beheaded, and in his dying speech he thanked God who had made

It contains some ancient tombs, the earliest of which is that of Sir Richard Cholmondeley, lieutenant of the Tower in the reign of Henry VII. In addition to those illustrious personages mentioned in the text, there are buried in this chapel, Fisher, Bishop of Rochester; Sir Thomas More; Cromwell, Earl of Essex; Margaret, Countess of Salisbury; Lord-admiral Seymour, of Sudley; the Protector Somerset; Lady Jane Grey, and her husband, Lord Guildford Dudley; and numerous other persons

of historical note

him learn more in one little dark corner of the all these wrongs; a young woman, with a sound Tower, than in all his many travels.

2

constitution, and its concomitant—a light and cheerful spirit, might have forgotten them gradually in the full sunshine of prosperity; but Mary was thirty-seven years old, an age at which it is difficult to erase any deep impressions; and partly through the effects of long years of grief and fear, and partly through the defects of her original formation, her constitution was shattered, and the ill-humour and moroseness of the confirmed valetudinarian were superadded to the other fertile causes which were to make her a curse to the nation.

This unhappy woman, with an unhealthy mind in an unsound body, had all along considered Cranmer as the greatest enemy of her mother, whose divorce he had pronounced. After being left at large from the day of her entrance into London to the 14th or 15th of September, the archbishop was suddenly arrested and committed to the Tower, with Latimer and some others. There is an immediate cause assigned by some writers for his arrest at this moment. Men remembered Cranmer's conduct in the days of King Henry, when he sat at the head of tribunals which sentenced Protestants to the flames; he was generally believed to be deficient in that extreme courage which braves torture and death; and it was reported of him, that, in order to pay court to this most Catholic queen, he had engaged

On the day after these executions, Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, was made chancellor; and, on the Sunday following, the old Catholic service was sung in Latin in St. Paul's Church. It was fully expected that the active Gardiner, would proceed at once to extremities against the Protestant party; but for a short time there was an awful pause. The Emperor Charles, whom she consulted on all affairs of importance, strongly advised the queen to proceed in everything with the utmost caution-to wait the effect of time and example on the religious faith of her people -to punish only her principal enemies, and to quiet the apprehensions of the rest, who might be driven to desperation by over-severity.' Mary replied, "God, who has protected me in all my misfortunes, is my trust. I will not show him my gratitude tardily and in secret, but immediately and openly." She was fain, however, to issue a public declaration that she would constrain nobody in religious matters, but must only insist that her people should refrain from the offensive expressions of "Papist" and "heretic." But the spirit of the zealot was not to be wholly repressed by any considerations of political expediency. It was only nine days after the issuing of the proclamation that she had caused mass to be sung in the first church in the city of London; and she proceeded to establish a most rigo-to restore the rites of the old church, and to offirous censorship of the press, and to prohibit all persons from speaking against herself or her council, because all that they did, or might do, was for the honour of God and the welfare of her subjects immortal souls. There can be no doubt that Mary was sincere in her convictions: she was an honest fanatic, but her fanaticism was only the more dangerous from her honesty, and the persuasion which she held in common with other zealots, that all her plans were for the service of the Almighty. Even the darkest aud fiercest passions were in her case masked by religion, and by filial piety; and it appeared to her a sacred duty to avenge on the reforming party the wrongs and sufferings of her mother Catherine. Mary's youth had been passed in gloom and in storms; her father had alternately threatened to make her a nun and to take off her head; he and his ministers had forced her to sign a paper in which she formally acknowledged that the church she adored was a cheat, and that the mother who bore her had never been her father's lawful wife. From the time of the marriage of Anne Boleyn she had been persecuted, insulted, and driven from place to place, almost like a common criminal and vagabond. A woman of an angelic tem-lished such a bold manifesto. Some accounts seem to say that per might, by miraculous exertion, have forgiven certain declarations of his were treacherously put into the queen's But Mary wanted no additional provocation to hunt Ambassades de Renaud, quoted by Raumer. him to infamy and death.

2 lbid.

ciate personally in them. He had certainly never shown such courage before, and he could not be blind to the great risk he was running; but, being assisted by the learned Peter Martyr, he wrote and published (it is said) a manifesto of his entire Protestant faith, and his abhorrence of masses and all other abominations of the Popish superstition. A few days after his arrest, Queen Mary went to the Tower by water, accompanied by the Princess Elizabeth and other ladies. This was preparatory to the coronation. On the last day of September the queen rode in great state from the Tower, through the city of London, towards Westminster, sitting in a chariot covered with cloth of gold. Before her rode a number of gentlemen and knights, then judges, then doctors, then bishops, then lords, then the council: after whom followed the knights of the Bath in their robes; the Bishop of Winchester, lord-chancellor; the Marquis of Winchester, lord high-treasurer; the Duke of Norfolk and the Earl of Oxford, bearing the sword of state; and the lordmayor of London, bearing the sceptre of gold. After the queen's chariot Sir Edward Hastings

It is certainly by no means clear that Cranmer ever pub

hands.