him for that grateful act. But Charles, Claren- | jesty's warrant and their own zeal, afterwards don, and the bishops had fully arranged mea-exhumed the bodies of all who had been buried sures for converting this healing declaration into in the Abbey since the beginning of the Civil a piece of waste paper. The bill for making it wars, and threw them in a heap into a deep pit law was lost in the House of Commons by a dug in St. Margaret's Churchyard. Among others majority of 183 to 157, and the duped Presbyte- the inoffensive remains of Oliver Cromwell's morians were whistled down the wind. Conformity ther and daughter, who had both been models to the Church of England was now the law; and of domestic virtue; of Dorislaus, one of the lawthe Presbyterians, instead of having part in per-yers employed on the trial of the late king, who secuting the Catholics and sectarians, had a share had been basely murdered in Holland by the in their sufferings. Having made this arrange- retainers of the present king; of May, the acment to please the court, the Convention Parlia-complished translator of the Pharsalia and hisment proceeded with other gratifying bills; and, torian of the Long Parliament, whose mild and on the 8th of December, they attainted Oliver comprehensive language we have so frequently Cromwell, Ireton, and Bradshaw. This vote quoted; of Pym, that great and learned chamhad another meaning besides that of the forfei- pion of English liberty; and of Blake, the reture of the property of the dead, which was too nowned and honest-hearted, the first of naval insignificant to excite the cupidity of the waste- heroes, were torn from the sacred asylum of the ful and needy Charles, or the selfish mean-souled tomb, and cast like dogs into that foul pit. courtiers: on the 30th of January of the following year, the anniversary of the death of Charles I., the solemn recesses of Westminster Abbey were invaded by a brutal crew, acting by authority of the restored king and clergy; the graves were broken open, the coffins of Cromwell, Ireton, and Bradshaw were put upon hurdles and dragged to Tyburn; there, being pulled out of their coffins, their mouldering bodies were hanged "at the several angles of the triple tree" till sunset, when they were taken down and beheaded. Their bodies, or, as the court chronicler calls them, "their loathsome carcasses," were thrown into a deep hole under the gallows; their heads were

Oliverius Protector Republic Anglia. Scotia. et Hibermia Matus 25 Aprils Anno 1599.

Notwithstanding its base compliances, Charles was anxious to be rid of the Convention Parliament, of the legality of whose first assembling and constitution some doubts were entertained by lawyers. His ministers hastened the progress of the money bills, and agreed to accept half of the revenue derived from the excise, in lieu of the profits formerly drawn from the Court of Wards, which the Commonwealth men had abolished; and the chancellor told them that King Charles, whose time was notoriously spent with mistresses and profligates in theatres and midnight revels, was, like another Constantine, constantly employing himself in conferences with learned men for the settlement of the "languishing church."

Clarendon assured them, moreover, that a desperate plot had been discovered to rescue the condemned regicides, seize the Tower, Whitehall, and Windsor Castle, and, by means of an insurrection in the counties, headed by General Ludlow, to restore the Commonwealth. General Ludlow was at this moment as far off as Swit

Inauguratus 16. Decembris serland, trembling for his own life, which was --1653. Mortuus 3 Septembris Anno 1658. hic Situs езв

FACSIMILE OF INSCRIPTION FOUND IN CROMWELL'S COFFIN.1

set upon poles on the top of Westminster Hall.2 With the same decent loyalty the dean and chapter of Westminster, acting under his ma

This inscription is copied from an impression taken from a gilt copper plate, found lying on the breast of the corpse, when the grave and coffin of Cromwell were desecrated. The impression was taken from the plate in 1792.

2 Gesta Britannorum, at the end of Wharton's Almanac, as quoted in Harris' Life of Cromwell. It appears that ladies went to see this precious specimen of Gesta Britannorum.

threatened many times by royalist assassins. It is true that there was an insane riot in London a few days after the delivery of the chancellor's speech in parliament; but the number of the rioters was so insignificant, and the whole thing so unconcerted and hopeless, that it could not have been either foreseen or dreaded when it actually occurred. On the night of the 6th of January, Venner, a wine-cooper and Fifth Monarchy Man, who had been in trouble for similar outbreaks in Cromwell's time, and who was decidedly mad, inflamed some fifty or sixty visionaries by vehement preaching; and these men

3 Clarendon told them at the same time that his majesty was not wholly successful-that some men would still preach and write improperly-but that these should soon be reduced by law to obedience.

Monk.

"Every one," says a bitter writer, was now everywhere putting in for the merit of restoration, for no other reason, certainly, but that they might have the reward.”3 The Protestants in Ireland, whether high-church or Presbyterian, laid claim to Charles's gratitude for having been the first of all his subjects to invite him back, which they had done in a convention, almost immediately after the expulsion of Henry Cromwell. But, on the other side, the Irish Papists claimed a reward for their old loyalty and long sufferings under "the late usurpers;" and they humbly prayed for relief as to their forfeited estates, their religion, and liberties.

rushed from his conventicle in the city, and pro- | sent. The guards and the new troops that were claimed "King Jesus!" They broke the heads raised were made up of men recommended by of some incredulous watchmen and city guards, but fled before the lord-mayor and the people who took up arms. They concealed themselves for two days in Caen Wood, between the villages of Highgate and Hampstead, during which time the lord-mayor pulled down their meeting-house in the city. On the 9th of January they returned, in the belief that neither bullets nor sharp steel could hurt them-broke through the city gates-routed all the train-bands they met -put the king's life-guards to the run; "and all this in the day-time, when all the city was in arms, and they not in all above thirty-one!" At last they were hemmed in, but they cut their way into a house, which they defended for some time against thousands. They all refused quarter, but about sixteen were taken by force and kept alive for a worse death: the rest fell with arms in their hands, "shouting that Christ was coming presently to reign on earth." Among the prisoners, who were all tried and executed, was the mad wine-cooper himself.

In dissolving the army, care had been taken to keep on foot Monk's regiment and a regiment of cavalry; and now, under colour of necessity and of apprehension of the great insurrection, announced by Clarendon, some new troops were raised, and many more officers of the old army put under arrest. The Earl of Southampton, who is generally considered as the most virtuous of Charles's ministers, took alarm at a scheme which was then seriously entertained of raising such a standing army as should put down all opposition to the royal will; and he waited upon the chancellor to expostulate. He said they had felt the effects of a military government, though the men were sober and religious, in Cromwell's time; that he believed vicious and dissolute troops would be much worse; that the king would grow fond of them: that they would become insolent and ungovernable, and that then ministers must be converted into mere tools; he said that he would not look on, and see the ruin of his country begun, and be silent; a white staff should not bribe him. Clarendon admitted that he was in the right, and promised to divert the king from any other force than what might be proper to make a show with and capable of dispersing unruly multitudes. Southampton said that if the standing army went no farther than that, he could bear it; but that it would not be easy to fix such a number as would please the princes and not give jealousy to the people. Clarendon, however, went to the king, and his representations (but no doubt still more the poverty of the court) set aside the grand project for the pre1 Pepys, Diary.

In Scotland, the Presbyterians, who composed nearly the entire nation, flattered themselves that they had peculiar claims upon the restored king's gratitude. They had repeatedly taken up arms for monarchy; and, though they had been reduced to a quiescent state by the vigour of Cromwell, they had begun to move again as soon as death had relieved them from the domination of that wonderful man. And was it not from Scotland that Monk, the restorer, had proceeded to execute the great plan? The king, too, had been among them; had taken their Covenant; had solemnly sworn to defend their kirk; and he had granted an "act of approbation" to indemnify all of them for earlier occurrences. But Charles, who had no scruples of conscience whatever, held that these oaths and engagements had been made under compulsion; that the Covenanters, while he was among them, had treated him with harshness and indignity; and, if he had any one strong feeling about religions or sects, it was hatred of the strict and formal Kirk of Scotland.' The Marquis of Argyle, the great chief of the Covenanters, was not without his misgivings, and, on the return of Charles to England, he retired for a time to the Highlands; but his son, the Lord Lorn, who claimed the merit of a constant opposition to the Commonwealth men and Cromwell, hastened to congratulate the sovereign; and the marquis himself wrote to the king, to ask leave to come and wait upon him. To seize this victim among his mountains, and the clans devoted to him, would have been a work of diffi

2 Burnet. Pepys says, a little later: "The lord-chancellor, it seems, taking occasion from this late plot to raise fears in the people, did project the raising of an army forthwith, besides the constant militia, thinking to make the Duke of York general

thereof. But the house did, in very open terms, say they were grown too wise to be fooled again into another army; and said they had found how that man that hath the command of an army is not beholden to anybody to make him king." 3 Oldmixon, History of the House of Stuart. According to Burnet, he was accustomed to say that the | Presbyterian was a religion quite unfit for a gentleman!

culty, and therefore Charles replied in a seeming | Argyle upon such evidence would be more unjust friendly manner. Upon that Argyle posted up than the much-decried attainder of the Earl of to Whitehall, where, being denied admittance, Strafford; and, after a fierce debate, in which he was seized and sent to the Tower as a traitor Middleton stormed, and swore, and blasphemed and regicide, it being asserted that he had en- -as was his wont-Gilmore carried a majority, couraged the Commonwealth men to put the late and the prisoner was acquitted on that count. king to death. The Earl of Glencairn, a leader Argyle now thought that he was safe; but Midof the Scottish Cavalier party, was sent to Edin- dleton resolved to make his compliance with burgh to restore the Committee of Estates as it | Cromwell high treason. Even here the lordexisted in 1650, when Charles was in the country, commissioner would have been defeated, had it which Oliver Cromwell had not as yet reduced not been for the villainous offices of his friend to a dependency of the English Commonwealth. Monk, Duke of Albemarle. Monk, the restorer General Middleton, who had been so very un- -a servant worthy of the prince he had restored successful in his attempts at shaking off Crom--searched among his papers, and found some well's yoke, was elevated to the Scottish peer-private letters which Argyle had written to him age, and appointed general of the forces and when he (Monk) was the sworn friend of Cromking's commissioner for holding the parliament; well, and the general of the Commonwealth, and Glencairn was made chancellor, and the Earl of in which the marquis expressed his zeal for the Lauderdale (afterwards the ill-famed and bloody maintenance of that system of government. These Duke Lauderdale) secretary of state. The chief private letters Monk sent down to Scotland by power was divided for a time between Middleton an express, and Middleton ordered them to be and Lauderdale, who were fiercely jealous of each read in parliament at a stage when the producother. These two selfish, unprincipled, and vio- tion of further evidence was strictly illegal. The lent men, sometimes with the consent of the Scot- effect was instantaneous and fatal; all the friends tish parliament, and more frequently in spite of of the marquis ran out of the parliament house that disjointed and always ill-constructed legisla- as if a bomb had fallen among them; the rest ture, soon erected one of the worst tyrannies that agreed that these letters sufficiently proved that ever cursed a country. The Marquis of Argyle, the prisoner's compliance with the usurper was after being basely trepanned at Whitehall, was not feigned and compulsory, but sincere and volunsent down to Edinburgh, to be tried by the men tary; and they condemned him as guilty of treathat were thirsting for his blood and hungering son. Argyle begged for ten days' respite, in order for his estates. The old marquis, who was assisted that the king's pleasure might be known; but by the notoriety of the facts, made an admirable when this was refused he understood the intendefence. The state trials were just so much tion of the court, and exclaimed, "I placed the worse in Scotland than in England, as the Scot- crown upon his head, and this is my reward.” tish civilization fell short of the English. Flet- ! [When Charles was crowned at Scone, in 1651, cher, the lord-advocate, called the noble prisoner Argyle really placed the crown upon his head, at the bar an impudent villain! Argyle gravely and at that time it was very generally believed said, that he had learned in his affliction to bear that he would soon be the king's father-in-law.] reproaches. While the trial was in progress be- He was beheaded at the market-cross of Edinfore the Scottish parliament, his son, the Lord burgh, only two days after receiving sentence, Lorn, obtained a letter from the king, ordering and his head was set up over the jail where the that the lord-advocate should not insist upon any Covenanters had exposed the head of Montrose. offences committed by the marquis previously to Other trials ensued, in which still less attention the year 1651, when the present king had given was paid to the forms of law. Twelve eminent his indemnity; and that when the trial was ended, Presbyterian preachers, who came to Edinburgh the whole process should be submitted to his ma- with a petition, were seized and cast into prison: jesty before the parliament gave sentence. But Guthrie, one of them, who, ten years ago, "had let the king's commissioner, Middleton, who expected fly at the king in his sermons," was hanged, for exto be enriched by Argyle's forfeiture, induced the ample's sake, a few days after the execution of Arking to revoke one part of his letter, and took it gyle. With him was hung one Gowan, who had upon himself to disregard the other. Middle- deserted to Cromwell while the king was in Scotton also made a search for precedents of men who land. "The man," says Bishop Burnet, "was had been condemned in Scotland upon presump- inconsiderable, till they made him more consitive evidence, and argued the matter in person, dered by putting him to death on such an account, hoping that the weight of his authority would at so great a distance of time." The fourth vicbear down all opposition. But Gilmore, though tim was Bishop Burnet's own uncle, Johnstone of recently promoted to be president of the Court of Warriston, one of the greatest and most eloquent Session, had the honesty to say that to attaint assertors of the Covenant. This aged man fled

National Covenant; and between these two oaths they drove the Presbyterians from all offices in the church, the state, or magistracy, and not a few of them into perpetual banishment.'

to the Continent; but some time after, the French | restored hierarchy was made very absolute by government gave him up to Charles, and he was royal proclamation; and presently all men were sent back to Scotland, and tried and hanged. It required to take the oath of allegiance and suhad been assumed as a principle that the de- premacy, acknowledging the right of the king to stroyers of Montrose, the idol of the Cavalier settle religion and the church. In the midst of party, should feel the full weight of retaliation; a general subservience in parliament, two noble and yet Macleod of Assynt, the false friend who Scotsmen, the Earl of Cassilis, and Dr. Robert had so infamously betrayed Montrose to his ene- Leighton, Bishop of Dunblane, had the courage mies, "was let go without any censure." Burnet to resist. Leighton said that the land mourned attributes this impunity to habits of debauchery already by reason of the many compulsory oaths in Macleod, which were largely sympathized with that had been taken. Archbishop Sharp, who by the now dominant faction; but possibly Mac- had so recently worn the Genevan gown himself, leod's purse and estates told another story. Ven- replied with great bitterness and insolence, flying geance was often defeated by the love of lucre, out against the Presbyterian stiffness. The enor by personal jealousies among the new great lightened Leighton said that it ill became the men. Swinton, who had been attainted, and very same persons who had complained of the who had been the man of all Scotland most rigour of the Covenanters to practise a like rigour trusted and employed by Cromwell, was admitted themselves, "for thus it would be said that the to mercy, because Middleton, in hatred to Lau- world goes mad by turns." Middleton, who derdale, who had got the gift of his estate, re- wanted the oath as a trap for scrupulous concommended him to the king. Many others suf- sciences, was furious at this opposition; but in fered in liberty and estate; but as open bribery the end the odious act was passed, and made as was a rule of government, and as money bought trenchant as Archbishop Sharp and the king's pardons, no more executions took place for the commissioner desired. Not satisfied with this, present. Middleton and Lauderdale continued they brought forward another oath, abjuring forto quarrel with one another, to accuse one an-mally both the League and Covenant, and the other in an underhand way, and to plot against one another. At one time Middleton wanted to impeach his rival, but Clarendon told him that impeachments were dangerous things-that "the assaulting of a minister, as long as he had an inThe new English parliament met terest in the king, was a practice that never could on the 8th of May. The elections be approved; it was one of the uneasy things that had gone greatly in favour of the royalist and a House of Commons of England sometimes ven-high-church party, and not more than fifty or tured on, which was ungrateful to the court." Thus the matter dropped; and the two rivals, reconciled in appearance, went on in amicable unison to ride roughshod over the kirk and the laws and liberties of Scotland. "This," says Burnet, who was living in the midst of it," was a mad roaring time, full of extravagance; and no wonder it was so, when the men of affairs were almost perpetually drunk." In spite of the alarming warning held out by the past, it was resolved to set up Episcopacy; and Sharp, a minister who was to the Kirk of Scotland what Monk had been to the Commonwealth, pressed Middleton to take advantage of the present general consternation, and establish bishops. At the same time he duped his brethren with professions of an ardent zeal for the kirk, and persuaded them to send him up to court as their delegate. Sharp soon returned from London Archbishop of St. Andrews! Other men "were sought out to be bishops," and these men, after receiving consecration from the Archbishop of Canterbury, hurried down to Scotland, "all in one coach," to take possession of their sees. Forthwith bishops again appeared among the lords of parliament. The power in the church of this tanca Aulica, Malcolm Laing, Hist. Scot.

A.D. 1661.

sixty of the Presbyterian party found their way into the House of Commons. This parliamentfor the disgrace of the country- lasted much longer than that which is distinguished in history by the name of the Long Parliament; but a distinctive epithet was not wanting-it was called the "Pension Parliament." The House of Commons began with voting that all their members should receive the sacrament by a certain day, according to the rights of the Church of England, under pain of exclusion. Then, in concert with the lords, the commons condemned "that great instrument of mischief, the Solemn League and Covenant," to be burned by the common hangman. The acts establishing the Commonwealth, and the chief ordinances of the Long Parliament, were treated in the same manner. They then passed a number of bills, which all had for their object the strengthening of the monarchical power. They imposed a fresh oath, importing that neither house could lawfully take up arms against the king, in any case whatsoever. They restored the bishops to their seats in the House of Peers; 1 Burnet, Own Times: Clarendon, Life; State Trials; Miscel