From the majestic periods of Jeremy Taylor, the metaphysical profundity of Baxter, the glow

and dialectic skill of Stillingfleet, and the oratorical excellence of Tillotson, we pass to one whose college was a hedge-school, whose whole attainments were confined to reading and writing, and whose chief, if not sole text-book was an English Bible. And yet, in mere power of geniusthe power that widest extends and longest endures what man of that learned and intellectual age has won a higher place than he who is familiarly and affectionately known as the "Tinker of Bedford?" John Bunyan was born at Elstow, near Bedford, in 1628. His early career, as well as his inward religious history, has been fully detailed by himself in his "Grace abounding to the Chief of Sinners," one of the most singular as well as interesting psychological autobiographies which has ever yet been written, and which serves as a complete key to his Pilgrim's Progress. Leading a career of vulgar profligacy, in which, perhaps, it might have been said, that he was not worse than others, he was arrested by those convictions which deprived him of that flattering unction, and haled him before a different tribunal than that of his reckless companions. He became an altered man; joined in 1655 a Baptist society

one of which the "Reason of Christ's Sufferings | his family but the lustre of his name, in addition for us" was the subject, this involved him in a to his own original poverty. controversy with the Socinians; but they found him an unanswerable antagonist, and were glad to leave him in possession of the field. Passing ing Platonisms of Howe, the profound learning from these, he once more directed his controversial powers against Popery; and so formidable were his discourses and treatises in this department, that the Papists, unable to answer him with arguments, had recourse to menaces, and even threatened his life. But in spite of personal danger, and the royal frown of James II., he continued the warfare, which he considered to be a sacred duty, to the close of his career, intermixed with treatises against the Deists and Socinians, and vindications of the political rights of bishops. But even a mere list of his numerous and able productions, in which he combated with all the prevalent forms of religious error, would greatly exceed our limits. At the Revolution he was raised to the bishopric of Worcester, in which he died in 1699, worn out, not with years, but hard study and incessant intellectual action. In alluding to Tillotson, the contemporary of Stillingfleet, we mention a name which is still of undiminished lustre in the church of which he was the honoured primate. His biography is a compend of the history of the church itself, with the chief parties of which he was connected, and in whose mutations he had a more than ordinary share. John Tillotson was born in 1630; and being the son of a very strict Puritan, he was trained in Puritan principles, and continued to study under Presbyterian teachers at college, until a work of Chillingworth inclined his views to the theology of the Anglican church. But during the protectorate he still adhered to the Presbyterian plan of church government, and at the Restoration preferred to take Episcopal ordination from Thomas Lydserf, the Scottish Bishop of Galloway, because he could receive it from him without oaths or subscriptions. This attachment to his old Presbyterianism, combined with his preference for Episcopal rule in the churcha peculiarity which would have suited the earlier days of English Puritanism-was indicated in his after-career, and during the stages of his clerical advancement, so that even to the end of his days his favourite aim and wish was a plan of comprehension by which churchmen and dissenters should be gathered into one fold. These leanings made him suspected by his brethren at the outset, and would have ruined his prospects in the church, had it not been for his remarkable pulpit talents, which speedily secured for him the character of being the most eloquent preacher of the day, and, in 1690, gained him the archbishopric of Canterbury. Although he died the Primate of all England, he was able to bequeath nothing to

British Museum.

at Bedford; and carried onward by that feeling of superiority which told him that higher duties lay before him than the low pursuits of his mechanical calling, he became in religion what he otherwise must have been in vice-the leader and instructor of others. But the laws against holding conventicles not only silenced him as a preacher, but

He had travelled through the

threw him into prison, where he remained twelve had Bunyan that marvellous power as an alleyears and a half, until he was liberated, and re- gorist, which was denied to such a poet as Spenstored to the ministerial office, in which he died ser? The reason can easily be found in Bunyan's in 1688. The works of this untaught, unpolished, autobiography. We there see that the Pilgrim but strong-minded and original English intellect, was himself, and the Progress his own path in extend to no fewer than sixty treatises, chiefly life. It was himself who had fled from the City practical and allegorical, among which may be of Destruction, floundered in the Slough of Deenumerated, besides those already named, "The spond, been allured out of the good way by Mr. Greatness of the Soul," "The Jerusalem Sinner Worldly-Wiseman, and finally had entered the Saved," "Come and Welcome," "The Strait Gate," narrow gate. "A Holy Life the Beauty of Christianity," "The New Jerusalem," "The Holy War," &c.' They are generally of great merit, overflowing with rich thoughts, characterized by a faithful exhibition of Divine truth, and written in a remarkably clear and simple style, but are to some extent thrown into the shade by the surpassing popularity of the Pilgrim's Progress. Like Spenser, he followed the bent of his genius, by impersonating important truths in the likenesses of flesh and blood, and giving them a local habitation and field of stirring action; but there the comparison ends. In the Faerie Queen, we see at a glance that we are in a land of shadows, whose fleeting forms a puff of wind may disperse; and as for the moral which it is meant to convey, we can neither guess its nature, nor detect its development. But how different the Pilgrim's Progress of Bunyan! Although an allegory, it is a truthful story, an every-day reality, in which the interest goes on unabated to the close; and it is only when the narrative is ended, that the captivated reader falls back with full interest upon its hidden and spiritual meaning, which now stands before him in sunny distinctness and beauty. And whence

1 Various editions of Bunyan's works, more or less accurate, but none of them entirely complete, were published between 1692 and 1780. The first complete edition appeared so recently as

1853, and in it all the treatises have been carefully collated with

the first or other edition published during the author's lifetime.

It forms three volumes large 8vo, and is edited by George Offor.

Valley of the Shadow of Death, wrestled with Apollyon, been the captive of Giant Despair, and finally reached the banks of the Jordan with a full view of the glorious city beyond it. He knew, and he also makes his readers to know, every step of the way, and every man with whom he meets, so that we can count the journey by miles, and describe the characters by voice, gait, and feature. It was no wonder that an allegory so written should have won such popularity; that religious truth so taught should have been so intelligible to all. Not only therefore with every class, but in every country, the Pilgrim's Progress has been a cherished work, while its acceptance, instead of being impaired by old age, seems only to brighten with every successive generation. What, compared with such celebrity, were the Sybarite writers of the court of Charles II, whose works are now consigned to merited oblivion? They and Bunyan have equally had their reward.

With regard to Ireland, no change had as yet taken place worthy of particular notice since the days of Elizabeth, and therefore in the history of intellectual and social progress, it must unfortunately be passed over for the present without further notice. With regard to Scotland, that country will more fitly re-appear in the succeeding department of our history as an incorporated portion of the British empire.

END OF VOL. 11.

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