rough-stone one of the Knight's valley collection, are in the Museum of the University of California.

Obsidian in pieces and chips are abundant at each of the stations, though more so at A than the others. The number of arrow-heads, and fragments of arrow-heads, collected principally at A, numbered about two hundred, of which one-third were found by my companion, Mr. A. L. Roach, of Indianapolis. A few were obtained by other parties. With occasional exceptions, the arrow-heads were in the rough stage of manufacture, awaiting critical selection and finishing by experts in this line, probably the veteran Nimrods of the tribe.

5

2

3

7

FIG. 3.-Arrow-heads of Obsidian, California.

Obsidian appears to have been the only material used by the ancient arrow-makers of this region; none other was detected among the débris or remains of their long abandoned workshops. On the opposite side of Napa valley, in a hill not far from the town of St. Helena, obsidian is found in great abundance, and it is probable that from that locality the supply was obtained. About one-third of the arrow-heads were found at station B; the forms of these are shown in the above figures:

Of number one but two specimens were found; number two is another exceedingly rare form, of which the specimen figured is the most perfect, only three or four fragments of this, in addition to that figured, were detected. Mr. Roach obtained a single specimen rather more complete than the above. This form, which is scarcely met with in most California collections, presents the very highest skill in arrow-making art. Number three is perhaps the most abundant form, while four, five and six are numerous; seven is also seldom met with, and is very delicately and nicely worked.

A single bead was detected by Mr. Roach at station C. At this southerly station the mortar (Fig. 1) was found.

The general region herein referred to must have been a paradise to the red man, so far as his needs and aboriginal comfort are concerned. Acorns of several species of oaks, pine nuts, hazel nuts and manzanita berries were probably as abundant in former times as now, and it is altogether probable that game of all kinds was far more abundant than at the present day; in fact all of the requisites for the sustentation of a numerous aboriginal population.

If the community which existed here was at all possessed of æsthetic perceptions, the scenery must have added largely to the other attractions of the place.

As to the particular tribe which constituted that community, I have been unable to learn.

Since this mountain valley became the property of the present owner, I was informed by his wife, that a few years ago there came along, one day, an old Indian, who told her that when he was a boy he lived here with his tribe, and he had now come back to see once again the place where his childhood was passed. "He went up and away over the hills."

Stephen Powers, in his "Contributions to North American Ethnology," places this region within the geographical area of the Wintuns, one of the great groups of Northern Californian Indians, which included numerous tribes. I would particularly call the attention of all interested in this line of inquiry, to this important and interesting volume.

The nearest adjacent tribes were the Napas, the Caymuses, the Calajomanas, the Mayacomas, the Ulucas and the Mutistals.2 1U. S. Geog. and Geol. Survey, Powell, Vol. III, text and map. 2 Bancroft's Native Races of the Pacific States, Vol. 1, p. 363.

Howell mountain as well as the country beyond, known as Pope's valley, form a region full of attractions for the lover of nature, whether a devotee of science or art. The mountain has an elevation variously stated at from 1500 to 1800 feet above the sea; from favorable points a magnificent panorama is presented, extending to Mt. Diablo in the south, and covering the whole valley of Napa and the westerly mountain ranges which fence in the pleasant valleys between their ridges. The atmosphere is full of health, and the scenery full of inspiration. On every hand, at every turn of the road, right or left, are pictures full of beauty, refreshing to the soul and delightful to the eye. Towering pines, often two hundred feet in height, the Douglass spruce, full of grace and beauty when young, and standing grim, valiant and erect with outstretched and sometimes naked arms when old-as if prepared to wrestle with the storm; sturdy madronas with broadly buttressed bases holding firm to earth, with clean-barked branches widespreading to the sky; noble oaks whose port and bearing are full of stately grandeur. These form but a part of the sylvan deities in whose majestic presence adoration mingles with admiration; these and humbler forms of vegetation, with rock and earth and mountain, are the elements here combined in picturesque harmony, a perpetual feast of beauty, changing only in the morning and evening to put on new splendor in the changing light, and revealing new graces and fresh charms of color and of form. Amid such scenes the California red man, indigenous and to the region born, lived, roamed, hunted and passed away, to be followed by paler faces of exotic lineage, who travel over the long unused and obscure trail, seeking among the chips and stones abandoned by the way, the story of those who made them.

Lack of time prevented investigations elsewhere than at Howell mountain; Angroin's farm is a good point for a base, as well as for recreation, and here more might be done. Pope valley, just over the ridge, should also be explored. It offers great inducements to the ethnologist, the artist and all others who love nature, or who seek for release or rest away from the tumult of traffic and the town.

AS

BARBADOS.

BY F. M. ENDLICH.

S the good ship Solent, of H. M. Royal Mail Service, is slowly steaming into the main harbor of Barbados, a small flotilla of boats gradually accumulates around her. Boats of all sizes, of many colors, and in variable conditions of seaworthiness, contain a motley crew of black oarsmen. While following alongside of the steamer these enterprising substitutes for hackmen keep incessantly shouting, with many gestures:

"Mastah! mastah! here's de boat for ye; take ye right in; go wid de boat of Christopher Columbus; come right 'long, now." Christopher Columbus is appropriately clad in linen trousers, which once may have been white. The capacious folds of a seagreen "duster" envelops his manly form, and a gray beaver hat with a broad mourning band surmounts his stately figure.

"Shut up dar, you black nigger," chimes in a thick-set darkey of the most pronounced type; "don't go wid dat fellow, mastah; come wid your own little snow drop!"

It is refreshing to note under the sub-tropical sun even this energy of competition. While passengers are listening to the alluring words of numerous boatmen the ship has anchored and everything is made ready for transfer to the shore. A short time must still elapse before the baggage and its owners can be placed into the tossing boat, and meanwhile a new scene presents itself. Rapidly approaching is a skiff propelled by the arms of a strong Within it are three or four boys and young men supplied with only a minimum of wearing apparel. Resting a few yards from the steamer the mysterious young darkeys make known the object of their visit:

man.

"Trow down sixpence, mastah! trow him in de watah, far out; trow him far out!"

Compliance with this apparently unreasonable request immediately proves them to be expert divers. With eager eyes and an attitude of intense excitement they closely watch every movement of the passengers who may be standing at the rail. A slight splash may be seen in the water, at once followed by that of four human bodies. Often the coin is recovered even before its last glitter has faded into the dull gray of the water. It is a rare case, indeed, that any sixpence should escape their eyes. Although oc

casionally a shark's fin may be seen in close proximity, the divers ply their vocation without paying any attention to the rapacious animal. Not until either the patience or small change of passengers has been exhausted will the dripping youths take their departure, seeking fresh fields for their novel enterprise.

Finally the baggage and personel of some particular party is safely stowed away in a rickety boat, which bears the name "Pearl of the Ocean" emblazoned in yellow letters on a pale green ground, and the pull for land is begun. Rowing along and between the various craft which lie anchored here, the breakwater is at last passed and the boat glides smoothly along to one of the wharves. Generally the steamers anchor nearly a mile out, and a fine view of the harbor is afforded during the shoreward trip. The breakwater is a solid stone structure, extending outward for some distance. All boats and smaller ships enter within the shelter it affords and there discharge cargoes. As vessels are constantly arriving and departing, the scene here is one of great interest.

Bridgetown, on the leeward side of the island, is the capital of Barbados. Steamers of various lines stop within its harbor, exchanging freight and passengers. Dozens of lounging darkies, famous for their insolence, line the landing places, and protest to be most anxious to serve every new-comer in any capacity what

Disinterested as this excessive politeness and attention. appears to be at first glance, it is soon changed to disappointment and loudly expressed anger when a successful competitor among them has secured a satchel or trunk and marches off in triumph. That much reviled class, so prominent in our more civilized country, the hackmen, would certainly blush at their own bashfulness and maidenlike shyness could they but join the band of vociferating darkies on the docks of Bridgetown. With the proverbial inconsistency of the children of this world, the rejected candidates turn their wrath upon the unfortunate stranger who has given offence by not employing the entire tribe. Recovering speedily, however, a new victim is attacked and the same scenes are rehearsed. Bridgetown is not well supplied with hotels, and the wanderers usually congregate at the hostelry where Mr. Kingsley is said to have met with so inhospitable a reception upon his arrival at night.

The island of Barbados, most prominent among the Windward