found in the Oceanic area from Papua to Fiji. Fifty one divisions of the Malay stock are enumerated, their locations given, and, generally, their characteristics.

The tribal names agree mainly with those of A. H. Keane, but each enumerates some not given by the other.

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THE "REVUE D' ETHNOGRAPHIE."-From Ernest Leroux, of Paris, publisher, we have received a new candidate for the favor of anthropologists bearing the title, "Revue d' Ethnographie publié sous la direction de M. le Dr. Hamy, conservateur du Musée d'Ethnographie, aide Naturaliste au Muséum. Tome premier. No. 1.-Janvier-Fevrier, Paris, Ernest Leroux, editeur, Librarie de la Société Asiatique, etc., 28 Rue Bonaparte, 1882." The Journal will appear bi-monthly and the cost for foreign subscribers is 30 francs per annum.

The first number contains the following papers:

Introduction, by E. T. Hamy.

Notes on the archéologie recueillies dans le Cornal, by G. Revvil.

Les Truddhi et les specchie de la Terre d'Otrate, by H. Lenormant.

Observations sur des fétiches de pierre, etc., découverts a l'ile de san Nicholas (California). L. de Cessac.

Quelques jours chez les indigènes de la province de Malacca. Dr. Montano.
Reviews. Societies, Expositions, Correspondence.

THE ARCHEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA.-The third annual report of the executive committee has just issued from the Cambridge University press. With the customary report of activities and finances we have nothing to do, and pass to notice the contributions to archæological knowledge or materials. The Institute has two different departments of labor, differing very widely in character, the American and the Classical. In the former, Mr. Bandelier, having spent four months at Cholula, Mex., has prepared a report, now in press, a brief of which is given in the volume before us. The careful examination of the pyramid of Cholula has led Mr. Bandelier to conclusions of the weightiest importance. A subsequent visit to Atilla enabled the explorer to obtain accurate plans of the buildings and to draw some conclusions as to their functions. Mr. Bandelier subsequently returned to the Pueblos of New Mexico, where he has been prosecuting the work begun two years ago. Mr. Aymé, our consul at Merida, has also been engaged to make explorations in Yucatan. In the second, or old world department of the Institute's labors, encouraging progress has been made at Assos, by Mr. Clarke and Mr. Bacon, a full account of which will be found in the first of the classical series of the institute.

The labors of the institute are prosecuted through the means derived from the fees and the generosity of the members. The secretary is Mr. Edward H. Greenleaf, of Boston, who will cheerfully respond to all inquiries relating to the subject.

CIST GRAVES IN OHIO.-No. 56 of the Western reserve and Northern Ohio Historical Society's tracts describes ancient burial cists in Northeastern Ohio, similar to those described by Dr. Joseph Jones in Tennessee. The graves opened by Mr. Cornelius Baldwin, are situated near Parkman, Geauga county, Ohio.

SPECIAL COLLECTIONS IN THE NEW NATIONAL MUSEUM.-As we have previously stated, the new National Museum will be entirely anthropocentric in its arrangement. At an early day we shall lay the whole scheme before our readers. Number 7 of the circulars is by Dr. James M. Flint, U. S. N., and gives an idea of what the entire exhibit will be when completed. Dr. Flint's circular is a classification of the forms in which drugs appear and are administered. The collection of medicines when completed will constitute an object lesson on the anthropology of medicine, including those of all ages and races of men.

GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY.

NEW MARSUPIALS FROM THE PUERCO EOCENE.—In preceding numbers of the NATURALIST, the characters of two new species of as many genera of kangaroo-like Marsupialia from the Puerco Eocene were given. I now add to these three additional species, one of which represents a new genus. The bones obtained with the teeth confirm the reference to the marsupial order which has already been made. In one of the species, Catopsalis pollux m., the astragalus is preserved. It considerably resembles that of a kangaroo; the reduced navicular facet and the large cuboid facet indicate the predominant development of the external digits, and the reduction of those of the inner side of the foot. Caudal vertebræ indicate a large tail.

Polymastodon taöensis, gen. et sp. nov. Char. gen.- Known only from the inferior dentition. Supposed formula: I. 1; C. 0; P.-m. o; M. 2. The first true molar is large, exceeding the second, and supports three longitudinal series of tubercles. Function of the molars grinding.

In this genus the molar part of the dentition assumes the exclusive control of mastication, having already displayed a predominance in Catopsalis. The molars are similar in their general character to those of Ptilodus and Catopsalis, but the three rows of tubercles distinguish them from both.

Char. specif. The first true molar is two-fifths of itself longer than the second molar, and viewed from above, it has an oval outline, a little narrowed anteriorly and with rounded extremities. Its tubercles are small and closely packed together, so that those of the middle row have a subquadrate outline. There are eight tubercles in the internal row, twelve in the external and nine in the median. There are no basal cingula. The second and last true molar has a pyriform outline when viewed from above, the posterior extremity being the narrow one. The contraction of

the outline is regular on each side, and the posterior extremity is rounded. There are seven tubercles in the external row, five in the middle row and only two in the internal, since the middle row forms the internal edge of more than half the length of the crown. No cingula.

Measurements.-Length of M. 1, m. .0225; width of M. 1 at middle, .0100. Length of M. 11, .0140; width of M. II anteriorly, 0115. Besides the three rowed tubercles of the first molar, and the apparent absence of the fourth premolars, this species differs from the Catopsalis pollux in the large size and the larger number of tubercles in each row of the molars. New Mexico, D. Baldwin.

Catopsalis pollux, sp. nov.-The size of this species exceeded that of Macropus giganteus and still more that of the Catopsalis foliatus. The ramus has the form of that of a rodent, being vertically narrowed at the diastema, and deep at the molar region. The inferior face widens and becomes flat posteriorly, and is more oblique than in the C. foliatus, from the greater downward extension of the external or masseteric edge. The interior edge on the contrary, ascends a little from the anterior inferior border, enclosing the large internal pterygoid fossa. The inferior plane commences below the anterior part of the first true molar. symphysis is short, and was not probably strongly united, as indicated by the few rugosities of its surface. The coronoid process rises from a point opposite the posterior extremity of the first true molar.

The

The incisor is relatively large, and is more curved than that of a kangaroo, having the general form of that of a rodent. The acumination or bevel of the posterior face is less rapid than that of a rodent, and is perfectly gradual. The enamel band covers the antero-external face as far as exposed, which is to below the anterior part of the diastema, and is gently convex in transverse section. It does not cover the entire external face, as its width is equal, while the antero-posterior diameter of the tooth increases below. The posterior face is convex and is not much narrowed. The internal face is slightly concave, and the enamel is recurved so as to form a band on its anterior part, thus differing from most rodents. The enamel surface is delicately obsoletely lineridged. The length of the diastema is equal to that of the combined P.-m. IV and M. I. The fourth premolar is a simple tooth with a triangular transverse section, the obtuse apex of the triangle looking forward. This edge is continued downwards by reason of the exposure of the anterior root, and is not acute. The first true molar is an elongate-oval, with six tubercles on each side. These are so closely placed that their outlines are angular, and they are only separated by fissures. No cingula. The second true molar is three-fifths the length of the first, and is broadly rounded posteriorly. It supports four tubercles on the internal, and five on the external sides, and a raised edge connecting the

These reproductive glands, as a final process, excrete the germinal corpuscles from the body to pursue independently their life development. They are either completely thrown out, or else retained for a time in an organ which communicates with the exterior, and is essentially outside the individual organism. The germ is no more a part of the body in the ovary than is food in the mouth.

In the process we have thus indicated, the chemical synthesis of the germ is completed. From this point a reverse process of analysis sets in; the cell grows, divides, its molecules separate and produce specialized cells, these aggregate into special tissues, and finally the composite germ is analyzed into a specialized body, where a particular tissue represents every specific molecular energy in the germ.

But the germs thus produced are derivatives of the whole body, and therefore have male and female polarities arising from its two sides. In some cases they display a hermaphroditic development without further polarization. But in all the higher animals a more complete polarization is necessary, and is gained by the union of germs from separate sexual individuals. This process is preceded by a very significant one in the germs themselves; they continue their growth in the reproductive organs. In the female cell this is done by the process of budding, the result being the protrusion of one or more buds known as the polar bodies. In the formation of these buds one pole of the nucleus is always concerned, and it is evidently a true process of growth, in which the cell suffers a sexual differentiation, its male energy being budded off in these polar bodies. It is the first step in a hermaphroditic growth process which the germinal cell is not capable of carrying further, perhaps from the fact that all the provided nutriment is retained by the female half of the cell.

A somewhat similar process takes place in the male germ, it being here rather a division than a budding. Thus by a natural continuance of the principle of cell growth, the two sexual germs become specially polarized, and suited to unite into a vigorously polar bisexual germ. This final step of synthesis achieved, analysis immediately proceeds as before. Cell growth, division and specialization set in, and a new organic being arises to replace the two in which its germinal organization was elaborated.

In the process here indicated, we may perceive the fundamental

cause of one phase of organic evolution, that of growth. The size attained by an animal must be governed, in some degree at least, by the relations of its nutritive and its reproductive energies. If the coherent tendency is favored by any circumstance, the size of the animal must increase, and its reproductive powers lessen. If the free budding tendency is favored, the opposite result must occur. Giants and dwarfs may be the results of abnormal preponderance of one or the other of these energies. There seems to be a constant tendency to vary in this particular, but the struggle for existence vigorously operates to hinder any continual reproduction of an aberration in size not suited to the best interests of the species. The influences which act upon the species, forcibly oppose aberration and restrain it within safe limits.

One influence tending to this result is that of increased or decreased nutrition. We know that in plants diminished nutrition checks growth and hastens the period of reproduction, while increased nutrition has the opposite effect. Probably the same rule holds good in animals. The cells, not fully fed, may cease to form coherent offspring and send off wandering offspring in search of food, reproductive energy being thus hastened. But if fully fed the principle of coherence may predominate to a later period in life and reproductive energy be decreased.

We may close with the presentation of a deduction of some importance from the foregoing hypothesis. It has a specific bearing upon the question of the origin of species. Darwin's theory is based upon the occurrence of innumerable minute variations, of which the most advantageous are preserved. This theory, while explaining in the main the phenomenon of the origin of species, has met with certain awkward difficulties, and perhaps needs to be pieced out with some adventitious hypothesis capable of filling these blanks. It is also desirable that the cause of these variations should be explained if possible.

One of the main objections to the Darwinian theory is the almost total lack of link forms between species. As a nearly absolute rule we find that species boldly succeeds species without a trace of the steps by which the passage from one to the other was made. The only explanation given of this is that of the imperfection of the geological record, but the implication from all the facts known is, that no linking forms existed-or, at least, not