the stupidity of the former and the sagacity of the latter are proverbial. An eagle with one-half the body size of the goose has twice the brain capacity. Man has a brain very similar in form and appearance to that of the great anthropoid ape, but the brain of man is three or four times as large and considering the body weight, man has five times the relative brain capacity of his nearest relative in the animal kingdom. The horse, with nine times the weight of man, has one-quarter his cerebral cavity volume; and although the elephant and the whale have brains much larger than man, they stand far below him in intelligence. This fact is explained when the relation of brain size to body is considered, the ratio being about 1 to 37 in man, 1 to 500 in the elephant and 1 to 3000 in the whale.

Intellectual capacity in the lower animals appears to depend mainly upon the size of the cerebral cavity. Animals with larger brains and higher intelligence have supplanted those of a lower order and have been supplanted in turn, in harmony with the law of evolution, by still larger brained animals. The gigantic reptiles of the Secondary Period were gradually overcome and vanquished by the mammals of the Tertiary Period, and today man, the largest brained animal created, stands at the head of all animated nature, the undisputed peer of all forms of animal life. Research conducted with human skulls found in geologic strata indicates that from period to period as man has developed, his brain capacity has increased and the earliest found human cranium much resembles that of the highest order of anthropoid ape.

Whereas the relation of cranial capacity or brain weight to body weight is an index of expressed intelligence in the lower animals, it cannot be so considered, except as coupled with other important factors, in determining the relative intelligence of man. Brain volume may be an index of inherited mental capabilities but it gives no data concerning how much of the endowed power is being used. Moreover, it ignores the important factor of quality of organization. A relatively small brain of superior structure may accomplish more creditable work and manifest greater talents than a large brain lacking such advantages; and a small brain efficiently utilized, exercised and developed may have power far beyond that realized by a massive brain, sluggishly and indifferently used.

In many men of great intellectual eminence the brain weight has been very large, but quite undistinguished people have also had large brains. Rustan, an unknown, uneducated laborer, is reported to have had the largest brain on record. He probably had innate capabilities which, if developed, would have made him a great intellectual power even if the texture of the man was coarse and the quality of the organism low. It is not so much a question of how much brain capacity a man has, but how much he uses. All normal, healthy men have sufficient brain capacity to become factors in the world's progress, if the brain bequeathed to them by Mother Nature is developed and used. When size and weight are considered, the most ignorant races of men are not far below the Caucasian Race in brain capacity, and when given an opportunity

to acquire knowledge in a stimulating environment, the children of the lower human races have in late years been equalling and in Australasia have been outstripping the children of the white race, notwithstanding their handicap of quality of organization-the result of hereditary civilization.

Every man is born with certain inherent brain capabilities and general tendencies, texture and organization. The use or disuse of the endowed capacity or the differentiation of innate brain forces, the development or neglect of certain topographical brain areas and the tempering of his psychical matter, determine his efficiency and power in the world as a thinking being, created to perform intelligent work in the universal flux, ever moving progressively toward perfection.

Cold northern climates, the home of the aggressive and world-conquering blond Caucasians, have produced the largest brains. This is due to the fact that in the Northland, men have had to use their brains to live, to find food, to build homes and protect themselves from the elements. They have had to fight intelligently and with initiative and aggression, in order to survive, whereas the stimuli of the Tropics on the darker skinned man have been less acute and the demands less exacting.

It has been argued that the size of a man's brain can be no index of intelligence, for many insane persons have had very large brains. Lunacy may come from over-stimulation of some part of the brain or violation of the fundamental laws of mental hygiene. A great mathematician lost his mind through senseless concentration without relaxation or change of

thought. A great memorizer of facts collapsed mentally, due to inordinate packing of ridiculous statistics into certain mental shelves, when all the other sections of his mental library were lying neglected and unused. Genius, it has been said, is not without a touch of madness, and the term "Eccentricity of Genius" is often used in reference to the actions of one who has certain mental faculties unusually developed to the possible detriment of others.

A brain must be uniformly developed in so far as the stress of life and economic considerations will permit. Insanity may be caused by the excessive keying-up and snapping of one string, by the unreasonable and unstandable pressure or tension on one member. Large brained persons are more apt to be guilty of over-development of any one faculty in this era of specialization, than are people with small brains. Microcephalic idiots have, however, very small brains, weighing in some recorded instances as low as 10 or even 81/2 ounces. Scientists tell us that it is extremely doubtful whether normal intelligence, such as is expected in a human being, is possible with a brain weighing less than 32 ounces,—the average weight of a normal man's brain being 48 to 50 ounces. In making this statement, anthropologists admit that brain size must be more or less an index of mental capacity or capabilities, and it seems to have been well demonstrated that when brain substance exists in a normal condition and is developed by use, intellectual phenomena are manifested with vigor proportionate to the amount of matter existing, the quality of the

thought or brain effort varying with the fineness of texture and quality of the nervous organization.

In making comparisons of brain weights, the cerebrum, or main brain, should be primarily considered, but the practice has always been to weigh and measure the whole mass contained in the cavity of the skull, cerebrum, cerebellum and basilar ganglia. By this method of comparison an equal value is given to all brain matter without regard to its character or function; for comparison of psychical powers, such a method is obviously inaccurate. The quality of a brain, as well as the quantity, is of prime importance and we should not consider as of equal value, heavy but crude and common merchandise stored in the basement or even on the first floor, with the lighter but more highly prized and rarer substances stored on the higher floors.

The human cranium is like the structure of a warehouse. Some storehouses are filled to the utmost capacity with merchandise of more or less commercial value. At times, material in storage degenerates or decays and becomes valueless; at other times, commodities in storage, once of some value, because of market conditions and the working of the law of supply and demand, become of such low realizing value that it does not pay the owner to keep them stored any longer. In some warehouses substances may be stored unchanged year after year; they are not used and the materials are not placed in circulation; expenses are paid, rental and fixed charges are met and the owner becomes a heavy loser because of his failure to realize the benefits which would have accrued to him had he, at the