the English "word-hearing" part of his brain was unaffected; it was necessary after his brain injury to speak to him entirely in English. Thomson tells of a patient at Bellevue Hospital who lost the power of speech by the point of an umbrella entering one of his eyes, the accident ruining the speech center which rests on only a thin plate in the bony roof of the orbit; no other faculties were impaired. There is a small patch of gray matter, which Rosenstein says is not larger than a hazel nut, in which is stored every word that can be spoken. "Let this remarkable piece of matter be separately destroyed, such as by a gush of blood from a ruptured artery, and the consciousness is utterly unable to find a word with which to express itself. It still may have its power to receive all words from others through the ear or but not a word can it communicate in return." Prof. Edgren of Stockholm has published the records of persons who became music-note blind; through brain injury they lost the power of reading music but not the faculty of word-reading. Through some small localized brain defect, connoisseurs of music have been afflicted with "amusic" and could no longer recognize one theme from another or discriminate between the immortal master-pieces of Wagner and sensuous rag-time. A large number of cases could be cited showing how local brain derangement causes the loss of certain peculiar mental faculties or change in the individual disposition, character and attributes.

eye,

The seat of all mental processes being in the gray matter which envelops the brain and which consists of a continuous layer whose average thickness

is only from 1/12 to 1/8 of an inch, it has been argued that cranial capacity and brain size or weight cannot be considered as an index of intelligence or mental power. If a cube has each side increased onequarter, the volume is increased 95 per cent. and the superficial enveloping area is increased over 56 per cent. If each side of the original cube is increased one-half, the volume becomes 33% times greater and the surface area 21/4 times larger. The superficial area is, therefore, very materially increased as the internal volume is enlarged, and increase of brain volume carries with it a proportionate increase of brain surface, even if, as in the case of the most primitive animals, the order of increase is in one case as the third power, and in the other as the second. The surface of the human brain, however, is not smooth. This fact does not affect the argument that volume is an index of possible brain power but intensifies it, for in a box of given size a certain quantity of cloth could be folded up and stored, whereas in a larger box an increased quantity could be placed, and in this case the increased quantity, if the box is filled, would vary as the cubical contents of the box and not as the superficial area. Therefore, the more highly complex the convolutions of the human brain become, the more nearly does the extent and quantity of gray matter bear some definite relation to cranial capacity.

Men vary very materially in their mental endowment. No two men have similar brains as regards size, proportion, quality of nerve matter, etc., but every normal man is endowed with ample gray matter to develop into individual mental power of merit

and Cosmic use, if he so wills it. Thomson, in "Brain and Personality," says that "while it is doubtless true that all individuals of our race are not born with equally good brains, yet the fact remains that the special mental capabilities for which certain men have become so eminent, were all acquired and were not congenital. Hence, the utmost which can be conceded is that the greater aptitude for acquiring may be congenital but nothing more. Thomson is partly right. Brain folds become more complex as life advances and as one acquires knowledge, but brains and certain parts of brains vary in their educable characteristics and in their possibilities for development. You cannot fold, press and squeeze ten yards of cloth into a space that will only hold five yards. If, however, a person is endowed with a fine, highly organized, delicate and sensitive textural nervous system, a comparison with a coarser brain organism might be made, just as silk can be compared with wool, and it would be quite possible to fold and press ten yards of silk cloth into a space of given size which would only hold a very much smaller quantity of woolen cloth. Moreover, every person is born with instinctive and congenital brain powers. Such mental tendencies may help or hinder the individual; some suggest activities which lead to the demonstration of natural talents, others tend to obstruct the education of the brain and the development of brain forces especially fitted to cope with the new conditions of a rapidly advancing civilization and changed order of life.

It has been said that there are two series of brain mechanisms-instinctive and individually acquired

and "to the educable animal, the less there is of specialized mechanism transmitted by heredity, the better. The loss of instinct is what permits and necessitates the education of the receptive brain." The size and shape of a person's brain is not individually acquired, although investigations indicate that even this can be slightly modified, especially during the earlier part of life; texture and quality of organization are not individually acquired for they are inherited just as are the texture of the skin, fineness of the hair, and the general primary temperament.

The will or personality in embryo comes at birth and it is this power dominating the mind and the brain which alone can make the brain efficient and great, on the one hand, or, through inertia and sluggish indifference, drift into mediocrity. It has been well said that "A great personality (will power) may possibly make a great brain, but no brain (of itself) can make a great personality." Whereas, inherent brain power can be measured by the quality, quantity and size of the cells of gray matter, actual or demonstrated brain power is determined by cerebral activity, the use of the brain cells and the variety of the habitual contacts which are established as a result of the exercise, development and education of the cells. A novice, void of musical talent and experience, may sit at the piano and as a result of his activity, produce only a few dissimilar, unappealing sounds, whereas an artist promptly elicits varied melodies and exquisite harmonies from the same set of 88 keys. So it is with the cells of the human brain. A man without the will to learn and achieve, and lacking in perseverance and con

centration required for effective education, is able to extract only vague and rudimentary ideas from his cerebral cells, whereas a trained thinker, who has obeyed the promptings of a dominant will, will bring forth from the same number of cells, intellectual promptings and thoughts, which vibrate in synchronism with the great forces of Cosmic progress and tend to make the man a virile force in the world.

Not merely a part, but the entire human brain should be used with all its area to receive impressions and to exercise its peculiar faculty of increasing its superficial surface to conform to the requirements brought forth by mental development. A man using part of his brain and neglecting to use other parts of equal or perhaps greater importance, is like a leader of an orchestra who endeavors to play a Beethoven Symphony, excluding from the score certain or all of the wood winds, or many of the strings, and possibly the most necessary brass instruments. Is it not strange and inconsistent that a man who only uses one-quarter of his brain faculties should ridicule the idea of using only one leg or one arm and scorn to seriously consider and appreciate the analogy between the use and disuse of certain parts of the body, the exercise of which is under the control of the human will?

It has been stated that because man has two brains and can use only one, no matter how well educated he may be, he cannot be more than 50 per cent. mentally efficient. Man has been favored quite generally with a duality of organs, such as two ears, two eyes, two nostrils, two lungs, two kidneys; his limbs are also in pairs and with the exception of